Training Manual for Two-wheel tractor and ancillary equipment for operators, service providers, extension experts and workshop owners

Rabe Yahaya (2022, [Libro])

Mechanization is a term used to describe tools, implements and machinery applied to improve the productivity of farm land and labour force, including crop processing after harvest. Mechanization covers broadly the entire process of on and off farm operations and mechanization may use either human, animal or motorized power, or a combination of these. In practice, therefore, it involves the provision and use of all forms of power sources and mechanical assistance to agriculture, from simple hand tools to draught animal power and to motorized power technologies. In Ethiopia, smallholder farming experiences high drudgery at all stages of crop husbandry and post-harvest processing. Field operations are performed using human and animal power (Mrema et al., 2008). Smallholder farmers without animal power use a lot of human power on crop husbandry and harvesting operations (Daum et al., 2020). Postharvest threshing and shelling are performed using human power but, in some countries like Ethiopia, farmers use livestock (cattle, donkeys and horses) for wheat, barley and teff threshing (Mohammed and Tadesse, 2018). The use of tractor power is low in Ethiopia and the government aims to increase farm power available to Ethiopian farmers 10 folds (from the current 0.1 Kw ha-1 to 1 kW ha-1 ) by 2025, with at least half of this power is derived from fossil fuel and electric engines. The government of Ethiopia aims to increase farm power using two-wheel tractors on smallholder farms in addition to four-wheel tractors that are already in use. Two-wheel tractors are sources of power designed to perform most field operations. Due to the size of two-wheel tractors, they have become an economic alternative for smallholder farming. In addition, twowheel tractors are also more productive than animal traction and they require less time for attendance and preparation, giving the individual farmer more independence and contact with modern technology. Also, due to their simple design, local manufacturing of two-wheel tractors has been implemented in several countries successfully, increasing employment opportunities in the process.

CIENCIAS AGROPECUARIAS Y BIOTECNOLOGÍA FARM EQUIPMENT TRACTORS TRAINING SMALLHOLDERS

Evaluation of multiple satellite precipitation products for rainfed maize production systems over Vietnam

Paresh Shirsath Dakshina Murthy Kadiyala (2022, [Artículo])

Rainfall Datasets Satellite Rainfall Estimates CIENCIAS AGROPECUARIAS Y BIOTECNOLOGÍA RAIN RAINFED FARMING DATA SATELLITES

The social responsibility of tobacco production in Nayarit. Who pays the price?

Dagoberto De Dios Hernández Jesús Antonio Madera Pacheco (2023, [Artículo, Artículo])

In Nayarit, Mexico, there is an Integrated System of Tobacco Production (SIPT) which operates mainly with the participation of campesino families. However, for some preparatory work and to guarantee the harvest, local jornaleros and indigenous migrant families from the mountainous regions of Nayarit, Jalisco, Durango, and Zacatecas are hired, manly on a temporarily basis. They live for several months in precarious conditions in the houses and yards of the growers and on the agricultural plots. Since the Marco’s Convention and the General Law on Tobacco Control, the companies that control the SIPT have adopted new narratives and strategies for managing and sustaining their businesses, mainly emphasizing the so-called Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). The objective of this article is to analyze the CSR actions of the tobacco companies from an approach of accumulation by dispossession, understanding CSR as a capitalist tool for the extraction of surplus value. With the support of a qualitative methodology, based on bibliographic and hemerographic review, direct observation, field diaries and interviews, also corporate actions comprised between 2018 and 2023 have also been documented. British American Tobacco and Tabacos del Pacífico Norte have "sponsored" the operation of the Florece centers and the Sustenta program in the tobacco fields of Nayarit, even though, in the tobacco reality of the tobacco industry the operation of such programs and their costs are assumed and absorbed by the growers, while the companies disseminate an image of sustainable business management.

Tobacco Social Responsibility Tobacco companies Indigenous families CMCT Tabaco Responsabilidad social Empresas tabacaleras Familias indígenas CIENCIAS SOCIALESCIENCIAS SOCIALES CIENCIAS SOCIALES

Desarrollo de nanocompositos de cápside viral P22 para la terapia con profármacos enzimáticos en cáncer de mama

Development of P22 viral capsid nanocomposites for enzymatic prodrug therapy in breast cancer

Astrid Rebeca Luna Rios (2024, [Tesis de maestría])

Las estrategias actuales contra el cáncer de mama presentan limitaciones debido a la falta de selectividad, disminuyendo su efectividad. La mayoría de los fármacos, como el tamoxifeno, requieren la activación metabólica por parte de las enzimas de la familia citocromo P450 (CYP) para ejercer mayores efectos anticancerígenos. Sin embargo, la concentración del CYP es variable y baja en las células tumorales, especialmente en el cáncer de mama, lo que provoca efectos secundarios. En la terapia de activación enzimática de profármacos (EPT), las enzimas se dirigen al tumor para transformar el profármaco, lo que normalmente implica la administración de la enzima seguida del profármaco. Sin embargo, las diferencias entre la farmacocinética y farmacodinamia son un obstáculo para mejorar el tratamiento. Por lo tanto, la administración conjunta de profármaco y enzima es esencial para garantizar su interacción favorable en el tumor. Este trabajo reporta una nueva clase de nanocompositos terapéuticos basados en partículas tipo virus P22 confinando CYP, funcionalizadas superficialmente con glucosa oxidasa (GOx) que transforma la glucosa en D-glucono-δ-lactona produciendo H2O2, el aceptor final de electrones en la transformación de tamoxifeno mediado por CYP, y conjugadas con un derivado de tamoxifeno como profármaco y ligando dirigido utilizando polietilenglicol como conector. En un microambiente tumoral rico en glucosa, estos nanocompuestos pueden producir fármaco activo in situ. Se caracterizaron las propiedades fisicoquímicas y la catálisis secuencial mediada por glucosa de los nanocompositos. Los estudios in vitro demostraron una disminución en la viabilidad celular en líneas celulares de cáncer de mama ER+ y ER-. Sin embargo, la internalización celular en ausencia de glucosa mostró ser preferencial con las VLPs dirigidas en ambas líneas celulares. La administración conjunta de enzimas y profármacos con una localización mejorada de las VLPs desarrolladas después de la funcionalización del tamoxifeno, lo que sugiere el potencial de los nanocompositos desarrollados para superar los desafíos existentes de la EPT y mejorar los resultados terapéuticos con efectos secundarios reducidos.

Current treatment strategies against breast cancer have limitations due to lack in selectivity. Most drugs, such as tamoxifen, require metabolic activation by cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes to perform greater anticancer effects. However, the concentration of CYP varies and is low in tumor cells, especially in breast cancer, resulting in side-effects. In enzyme prodrug therapy (EPT), enzymes are targeted to the tumor cells for prodrug transformation, typically involving the sequential delivery of the enzyme followed by the prodrug. However, differences in pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics are a major hindrance for improving treatment. Therefore, co-delivery of prodrug and enzyme is essential to ensure their favorable interaction in tumor. This work reports a new class of therapeutic nanocomposites based on P22 virus like particles (VLPs) confining the CYP activity, surface functionalized with glucose oxidase (GOx) that transforms glucose into D-glucono-δ-lactone producing hydrogen peroxide, the final electron acceptor in the CYP-mediated transformation of tamoxifen, and together conjugated with a tamoxifen derivative as prodrug and targeting ligand using polyethylene glycol as a linker. In glucose-rich tumor microenvironment, these nanocomposites can produce active drug in situ. The physicochemical properties and sequential glucose-mediated catalysis of the nanocomposites were characterized. In vitro studies demonstrated a decrease in cell viability in both ER+ and ER- breast cancer cell lines. However, cellular internalization in the absence of glucose showed improved uptake of targeted VLPs in both cell lines. The co-delivery of enzymes and prodrug with improved localization of developed VLPs after tamoxifen functionalization, suggests the potential of developed nanocomposites to overcome the existing challenges of EPT and improve the therapeutic outcomes with reduced side effects.

VLP-P22, Citocromo P45O, Glucosa oxidasa, Tamoxifeno, Terapia de activación enzimática de profármacos VLP-P22, Cytochrome P45O, Glucose oxidase, Tamoxifen, Enzyme prodrug therapy BIOLOGÍA Y QUÍMICA QUÍMICA QUÍMICA FARMACÉUTICA DISEÑO.SÍNTESIS Y ESTUDIO NUEVOS FÁRMACOS DISEÑO.SÍNTESIS Y ESTUDIO NUEVOS FÁRMACOS

Los medicamentos no son dulces: empleo de glucocorticoides para enfermedades crónicas.

ADRIANA ALEJANDRA MOCTEZUMA OCAMPO JOSE LUIS MONTIEL HERNANDEZ (2024, [Artículo])

Los glucocorticoides se han constituido como medicamentos clave en el tratamiento farmacológico de enfermedades crónicas asociadas a la inflamación. Sin embargo, a pesar de su indudable beneficio, su empleo prolongado y sin supervisión pue-de generar una serie de efectos adversos, que van desde leves hasta severos. Es por eso que, en momentos de crisis como la pandemia de covid-19, el uso responsable de estos medicamentos debería iniciar con evitar prácticas comunes en nuestro país, como la automedicación y la confianza en productos milagro, ya que pueden poner en riesgo la salud de la población en general.

Glucocorticoids have become one of the key drugs during the pharmacological treatment of inflammatory chronic diseases. However, despite its undoubted benefit, its prolonged and unsupervised use can generate a series of adverse effects, ranging from mild to severe. In moments of crisis, such as the covid-19 pandemic, it shows us that practices so widespread in our country such as self-medication and the use of miracle products can put the health of the general population at risk.

MEDICINA Y CIENCIAS DE LA SALUD CIENCIAS MÉDICAS glucocorticoides, medicamentos, antiinflamatorios, automedicación, farmacología

The Scaling Scan: Una herramienta práctica para determinar oportunidades y desafíos para escalar innovaciones de manera sostenible

Lennart Woltering (2023, [Libro])

CIENCIAS AGROPECUARIAS Y BIOTECNOLOGÍA INNOVATION ADOPTION SOCIAL INCLUSION ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS SCALING UP

Agroecology can promote climate change adaptation outcomes without compromising yield in smallholder systems

Sieglinde Snapp Yodit Kebede Eva Wollenberg (2023, [Artículo])

A critical question is whether agroecology can promote climate change mitigation and adaptation outcomes without compromising food security. We assessed the outcomes of smallholder agricultural systems and practices in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) against 35 mitigation, adaptation, and yield indicators by reviewing 50 articles with 77 cases of agroecological treatments relative to a baseline of conventional practices. Crop yields were higher for 63% of cases reporting yields. Crop diversity, income diversity, net income, reduced income variability, nutrient regulation, and reduced pest infestation, indicators of adaptative capacity, were associated with 70% or more of cases. Limited information on climate change mitigation, such as greenhouse gas emissions and carbon sequestration impacts, was available. Overall, the evidence indicates that use of organic nutrient sources, diversifying systems with legumes and integrated pest management lead to climate change adaptation in multiple contexts. Landscape mosaics, biological control (e.g., enhancement of beneficial organisms) and field sanitation measures do not yet have sufficient evidence based on this review. Widespread adoption of agroecological practices and system transformations shows promise to contribute to climate change services and food security in LMICs. Gaps in adaptation and mitigation strategies and areas for policy and research interventions are finally discussed.

CIENCIAS AGROPECUARIAS Y BIOTECNOLOGÍA CLIMATE CHANGE CROPS FOOD SUPPLY GAS EMISSIONS GREENHOUSE GASES FARMING SYSTEMS AGROECOLOGY FOOD SECURITY LESS FAVOURED AREAS SMALLHOLDERS YIELDS NUTRIENTS BIOLOGICAL PEST CONTROL CARBON SEQUESTRATION LEGUMES

Estudio de factibilidad ambiental, desarrollo sustentable, urbano, social y legal para el desarrollo de estrategias de penetración y mediación social que establezcan las bases para la adquisición de predios destinados a la construcción de los sistemas de humedales artificiales (SHA) para el saneamiento del aporte del río Amanalco a la presa Valle de Bravo, Estado de México

César Calderón Mólgora ARMANDO RIVAS HERNANDEZ ROBERTO ROMERO PEREZ (2018, [Documento de trabajo])

El objetivo del proyecto fue identificar, mediante un estudio social y legal, la factibilidad de adquirir los predios donde se implementarán los sistemas de humedales artificiales (SHA), así como determinar los posibles impactos sociales asociados a su construcción, operación y mantenimiento para proponer estrategias de mitigación y lograr la aceptación por parte de las comunidades.

Humedales Participación comunitaria Factores socioeconómicos Aspectos legales Estudios de factibilidad CIENCIAS SOCIALES

How diverse are farming systems on the Eastern Gangetic Plains of South Asia? A multi-metric and multi-country assessment

Brendan Brown Pragya Timsina Emma Karki (2023, [Artículo])

While crop diversification has many benefits and is a stated government objective across the Eastern Gangetic Plains (EGP) of South Asia, the complexity of assessment has led to a rather limited understanding on the progress towards, and status of, smallholder crop diversification. Most studies focus on specific commodities or report as part of a singular index, use outdated secondary data, or implement highly localized studies, leading to broad generalisations and a lack of regional comparison. We collected representative primary data with more than 5000 households in 55 communities in Eastern Nepal, West Bengal (India) and Northwest Bangladesh to explore seasonally based diversification experiences and applied novel metrics to understand the nuanced status of farm diversification. While 66 crops were commercially grown across the region, only five crops and three crop families were widely grown (Poaceae, Malvaceae, and Brassicaceae). Non-cereal diversification across the region was limited (1.5 crops per household), though regional differentiation were evident particularly relating to livestock and off-farm activities, highlighting the importance of cross border studies. In terms of farmer's largest commercial plots, 20% of systems contained only rice, and 57% contained only rice/wheat/maize, with substantial regional diversity present. This raises concerns regarding the extent of commercially oriented high value and non-cereal diversification, alongside opportunities for diversification in the under-diversified pre-monsoon and monsoon seasons. Future promotional efforts may need to focus particularly on legumes to ensure the future sustainability and viability of farming systems.

Agricultural Production Systems Farming Systems Change CIENCIAS AGROPECUARIAS Y BIOTECNOLOGÍA AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION CROPPING SYSTEMS DIVERSIFICATION FARMING SYSTEMS SUSTAINABLE INTENSIFICATION

Desarrollo y comercialización de adyuvantes herbolarios como alternativa terapéutica para el tratamiento del síndrome metabólico en adultos mexicanos. Evaluación de solicitud de patente y registro sanitario

SYLVIA ADRIANA PINAL CALVILLO (2023, [Tesis de maestría])

Este trabajo de tesis parte de la creciente preocupación global sobre la Epidemia

Metabólica, enfocándose en su prevalencia, impacto económico y las perspectivas

futuras en México. Se centra en la interconexión entre enfermedades metabólicas,

factores de riesgo compartidos y la respuesta a intervenciones comunes,

destacando la obesidad, diabetes y síndrome metabólico como ejes centrales.

Adicionalmente, examina la Medicina Ancestral y la estandarización en la

producción de remedios herbolarios como estrategias potenciales para mitigar esta

crisis.

El trabajo revisa los antecedentes de la Medicina Tradicional según la Organización

Mundial de la Salud (OMS), su uso en condiciones metabólicas, y su integración en

sistemas de salud. Se presta especial atención al uso de plantas medicinales en

México y a nivel global, resaltando la transferencia intercultural de conocimientos

herbolarios en la era de la globalización.

En el marco general, se establecen los objetivos del estudio y se detalla la

caracterización de productos herbales específicos para el tratamiento del síndrome

metabólico, se centra en el uso sinérgico de: Syzigium cumini, Coix lacryma-jobi, y

Mossanona depressa. Se analizan sus propiedades farmacológicas y usos en el

tratamiento de la diabetes y el síndrome metabólico.

La sección de formalización comercial aborda la constitución de la sociedad, los

registros ante el Instituto Mexicano de Propiedad Intelectual (IMPI) y la Comisión

Federal para la Protección contra Riesgos a la Salud (COFEPRIS), la determinación

de patentabilidad, y las estrategias de protección de propiedad intelectual.

Finalmente, el estudio concluye con recomendaciones para la mejora regulatoria en

este campo y detalla la tramitología necesaria para la implementación de estas

estrategias. La investigación subraya la importancia de integrar la medicina

tradicional en los sistemas de salud modernos para combatir la epidemia

metabólica, especialmente en contextos como el de México.

BIOLOGÍA Y QUÍMICA CIENCIAS DE LA VIDA Epidemia metabólica, medicina ancestral México, Herbario Mundial, obesidad, diabetes, síndrome metabólico, tratamiento herbolario, factores riesgo metabólicos, intervenciones epidemia metabólica, carga económica Salud México, remedios naturales diabetes, integración medicina tradicional, OMS Medicina Tradicional, plantas medicinales metabólicas, Syzigium cumini, Coix lacryma-jobi, Mossanona depressa, Propiedad Intelectual Herbolarios, Registro COFEPRIS, Patentabilidad Productos Naturales, Legislación Mexicana Salud, Mejora Regulatoria Medicina Tradicional.