Diagnóstico de la gandería bovina en la región Papaloapan

JOSE LUIS DAVALOS FLORES (1989, [Libro])

Este trabajo forma parte del estudio "Diagnóstico integral de la ganadería bovina en el trópico mexicano"; tiene como objetivo conocer y caracterizar los procesos de producción bovina, el nivel de la tecnología en los diferentes estratos de productores y señalar los principales factores que limitan la producción y productividad de la ganadería regional.

Desarrollo rural Producción ganadera Ganado bovino Región Papaloapan CIENCIAS AGROPECUARIAS Y BIOTECNOLOGÍA

The fate of rice crop residues and context-dependent greenhouse gas emissions: Model-based insights from Eastern India

Sonam Sherpa virender kumar Andrew Mcdonald (2024, [Artículo])

Crop residue burning is a common practice in many parts of the world that causes air pollution and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Regenerative practices that return residues to the soil offer a ‘no burn’ pathway for addressing air pollution while building soil organic carbon (SOC). Nevertheless, GHG emissions in rice-based agricultural systems are complex and difficult to anticipate, particularly in production contexts with highly variable hydrologic conditions. Here we predict long-term net GHG fluxes for four rice residue management strategies in the context of rice-wheat cropping systems in Eastern India: burning, soil incorporation, livestock fodder, and biochar. Estimations were based on a combination of Tier 1, 2, and 3 modelling approaches, including 100-year DNDC simulations across three representative soil hydrologic categories (i.e., dry, median, and wet). Overall, residue burning resulted in total direct GHG fluxes of 2.5, 6.1, and 8.7 Mg CO2-e in the dry, median, and wet hydrologic categories, respectively. Relative to emissions from burning (positive values indicate an increase) for the same dry to wet hydrologic categories, soil incorporation resulted in a −0.2, 1.8, or 3.1 Mg CO2-e change in emissions whereas use of residues for livestock fodder increased emissions by 2.0, 2.1, or 2.3 Mg CO2-e. Biochar reduced emissions relative to burning by 2.9 Mg CO2-e in all hydrologic categories. This study showed that the production environment has a controlling effect on methane and, therefore, net GHG balance. For example, wetter sites had 2.8–4.0 times greater CH4 emissions, on average, than dry sites when rice residues were returned to the soil. To effectively mitigate burning without undermining climate change mitigation goals, our results suggest that geographically-target approaches should be used in the rice-based systems of Eastern India to incentivize the adoption of regenerative ‘no burn’ residue management practices.

Soil Carbon Rice Residue Burning Life Cycle Assessment CIENCIAS AGROPECUARIAS Y BIOTECNOLOGÍA SOIL CARBON RICE LIFE CYCLE GREENHOUSE GASES CLIMATE CHANGE

Review of Nationally Determined Contributions (NCD) of China from the perspective of food systems

Tek Sapkota (2023, [Documento de trabajo])

China is the largest emitter of greenhouse gases (GHG) and one of the countries most affected by climate change. China's food systems are a major contributor to climate change: in 2018, China's food systems emitted 1.09 billion tons of carbondioxide equivalent (CO2eq) GHGs, accounting for 8.2% of total national GHG emissions and 2% of global emissions. According to the Third National Communication (TNC) Report, in 2010, GHG emissions from energy, industrial processes, agriculture, and waste accounted for 78.6%, 12.3%, 7.9%, and 1.2% of total emissions, respectively, (excluding emissions from land use, land-use change and forestry (LULUCF). Total GHG emissions from the waste sector in 2010 were 132 Mt CO2 eq, with municipal solid waste landfills accounting for 56 Mt. The average temperature in China has risen by 1.1°C over the last century (1908–2007), while nationally averaged precipitation amounts have increased significantly over the last 50 years. The sea level and sea surface temperature have risen by 90 mm and 0.9°C respectively in the last 30 years. A regional climate model predicted an annual mean temperature increase of 1.3–2.1°C by 2020 (2.3–3.3°C by 2050), while another model predicted a 1–1.6°C temperature increase and a 3.3–3.7 percent increase in precipitation between 2011 and 2020, depending on the emissions scenario. By 2030, sea level rise along coastal areas could be 0.01–0.16 meters, increasing the likelihood of flooding and intensified storm surges and causing the degradation of wetlands, mangroves, and coral reefs. Addressing climate change is a common human cause, and China places a high value on combating climate change. Climate change has been incorporated into national economic and social development plans, with equal emphasis on mitigation and adaptation to climate change, including an updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) in 2021. The following overarching targets are included in China's updated NDC: • Peaking carbon dioxide emissions “before 2030” and achieving carbon neutrality before 2060. • Lowering carbon intensity by “over 65%” by 2030 from the 2005 level. • Increasing forest stock volume by around 6 billion cubic meters in 2030 from the 2005 level. The targets have come from several commitments made at various events, while China has explained very well the process adopted to produce its third national communication report. An examination of China's NDC reveals that it has failed to establish quantifiable and measurable targets in the agricultural sectors. According to the analysis of the breakdown of food systems and their inclusion in the NDC, the majority of food system activities are poorly mentioned. China's interventions or ambitions in this sector have received very little attention. The adaptation component is mentioned in the NDC, but is not found to be sector-specific or comprehensive. A few studies have rated the Chinese NDC as insufficient, one of the reasons being its failure to list the breakdown of each sector's clear pathway to achieving its goals. China's NDC lacks quantified data on food system sub-sectors. Climate Action Trackers' "Insufficient" rating indicates that China's domestic target for 2030 requires significant improvements to be consistent with the Paris Agreement's target of 1.5°C temperature limit. Some efforts are being made: for example, scientists from the Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (IEDA-CAAS) have developed methods for calculating GHG emissions from livestock and poultry farmers that have been published as an industrial standard by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, PRC (Prof Hongmin Dong, personal communication) but this still needs to be consolidated and linked to China’s NDC. The updated Nationally Determined Contributions fall short of quantifiable targets in agriculture and food systems as a whole, necessitating clear pathways. China's NDC is found to be heavily focused on a few sectors, including energy, transportation, and urban-rural development. The agricultural sectors' and food systems' targets are vague, and China's agrifood system has a large carbon footprint. As a result, China should focus on managing the food system (production, processing, transportation, and food waste management) to reduce carbon emissions. Furthermore, China should take additional measures to make its climate actions more comprehensive, quantifiable, and measurable, such as setting ambitious and clear targets for the agriculture sector, including activity-specific GHG-reduction pathways; prioritizing food waste and loss reduction and management; promoting sustainable livestock production and low carbon diets; reducing chemical pollution; minimizing the use of fossil fuel in the agri-system and focusing on developing green jobs, technological advancement and promoting climate-smart agriculture; promoting indigenous practices and locally led adaptation; restoring degraded agricultural soils and enhancing cooperation and private partnership. China should also prepare detailed NDC implementation plans including actions and the GHG reduction from conditional targets.

CIENCIAS AGROPECUARIAS Y BIOTECNOLOGÍA GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS CLIMATE CHANGE FOOD SYSTEMS LAND USE CHANGE AGRICULTURE POLICIES DATA ANALYSIS FOOD WASTES

Desarrollo de metodologías por cromatografía de gases para la identificación y cuantificación de compuestos orgánicos clorados en aguas residuales y municipales

MARTHA AVILÉS FLORES NORMA RAMIREZ SALINAS (2011, [Documento de trabajo])

Introducción – Fuentes de contaminantes emergentes – Fuentes puntuales – Fuentes no puntuales – Problemática de los fármacos en aguas residuales – Compuestos farmacéuticos reguladores de lípidos – Fármacos veterinarios – Objetivo – Metodología – Implementación de las metodologías – Resultados – Discusión – Conclusiones – Anexos – Bibliografía.

Industria farmacéutica Cromatografía de gases Compuestos orgánicos clorados Contaminantes emergentes Fuentes puntuales de contaminación Fuentes no puntuales de contaminación Informes de proyectos INGENIERÍA Y TECNOLOGÍA

Sustainable maize intensification through site-specific nutrient management advice: Experimental evidence from Nigeria

Miet Maertens Oyakhilomen Oyinbo Tahirou Abdoulaye Jordan Chamberlin (2023, [Artículo])

There is growing evidence on the impacts of site-specific nutrient management (SSNM) from Asia. The evidence for Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), where SSNM developments are more recent and where conditions concerning soil fertility and fertilizer use differ importantly from those in Asia, is extremely scarce. We evaluate a SSNM advisory tool that allows extension agents to generate fertilizer recommendations tailored to the specific situation of an individual farmer’s field, using a three-year randomized controlled trial with 792 smallholder farmers in the maize belt of northern Nigeria. Two treatment arms were implemented: T1 and T2 both provide SSNM information on nutrient use and management, but T2 provides additional information on maize price distributions and the associated variability of expected returns to fertilizer use. We estimate average and heterogenous intent-to-treat effects on agronomic, economic and environmental plot-level outcomes. We find that T1 and T2 lead to substantial increases (up to 116%) in the adoption of good fertilizer management practices and T2 leads to incremental increases (up to 18%) in nutrient application rates, yields and revenues. Both treatments improve low levels of nutrient use efficiency and reduce high levels of greenhouse gas emission intensity, after two years of treatment. Our findings underscore the possibility of a more gradual and sustainable intensification of smallholder agriculture in SSA, as compared with the Asian Green Revolution, through increased fertilizer use accompanied by improved fertilizer management.

Randomized Controlled Trial CIENCIAS AGROPECUARIAS Y BIOTECNOLOGÍA TECHNOLOGY ADOPTION AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION GREEN REVOLUTION FERTILIZERS GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS

Mapas y esferas que redibujaron el mundo: el arribo de Cristóbal Colón a Cipango

JUAN ANTONIO LAVIADA (2023, [Capítulo de libro])

Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana (México). Unidad Azcapotzalco. División de Ciencias y Artes para el Diseño. Departamento de Evaluación del Diseño en el Tiempo. Área de Estudios Urbanos.

Desde su arribo a las islas, Colón estaba convencido de estar en las cercanías de Cipango, nada parecía convencerlo de lo contrario; todo lo que observa lo interpreta desde su convicción de estar en Asia. En el primer apartado de este capítulo se intentará demostrar tomando como referencia los escritos del propio Cristóbal Colón que éste consultó cartas de navegación, esferas e incluso tenía la firme intención de realizar una carta de navegación con el fin de mostrar la ubicación de Cipango. El segundo apartado refiere al hecho de que la única fuente documental sobre Cipango de la cual se tenía noticia dependía exclusivamente de narraciones de Marco Polo y se debatirá si Colón conoció o no dichos relatos.

Cartography--America--History. America--Discovery and exploration. Columbus, Christopher--Influence. Cartografía -- Historia. GA401 CIENCIAS FÍSICO MATEMÁTICAS Y CIENCIAS DE LA TIERRA CIENCIAS DE LA TIERRA Y DEL ESPACIO GEOGRAFÍA CARTOGRAFÍA GEOGRÁFICA

Estudio de los flujos de gases de efecto invernadero (GEI) en el embalse de Valle de Bravo

ANNE MARGRETHE HANSEN HANSEN AXEL FALCON ROJAS Luis Alberto Bravo-Inclán XOCHITL PEÑALOZA RUEDA ARTURO LOPEZ ZUÑIGA Rubén Ignacio Huerto-Delgadillo EDSON BALTAZAR ESTRADA ARRIAGA JUAN GABRIEL GARCIA MALDONADO (2017, [Documento de trabajo])

Con el propósito de evaluar la contribución de los embalses del país en la emisión de gases de efecto invernadero, se seleccionó al embalse Valle de Bravo, en el Estado de México como caso de estudio. Se realizó una caracterización detallada de la cuenca Valle de Bravo considerando a los elementos del medio biofísico con mayor impacto en el proceso de erosión y de la producción de sedimentos en la cuenca como son geología, geomorfología, suelos, uso del suelo, precipitación, temperatura, hidrología principalmente, y con ello establecer la situación actual de la misma en lo relativo a su medio natural. Asimismo se realizó la caracterización de la calidad del agua en la columna de agua del embalse.

Embalses Gases efecto invernadero Impacto ambiental INGENIERÍA Y TECNOLOGÍA

Identificación de compuestos orgánicos emergentes: desarrollo e implementación de metodologías para análisis por cromatografía de líquidos o gases

MARTHA AVILÉS FLORES NORMA RAMIREZ SALINAS (2011, [Documento de trabajo])

Las sustancias activas de los fármacos son una clase nueva de los así llamados contaminantes emergentes que se han incrementado en los últimos años. Las drogas veterinarias y humanas son continuamente liberadas en el ambiente como resultado de los procesos de fabricación, la disposición de productos no usados o expirados y en las excretas. La cantidad de fármacos y sus metabolitos bioactivos está siendo introducida al ambiente en pequeñas cantidades. Sin embargo, su continua introducción puede conducir a altas concentraciones a largo plazo y de forma continua, pero los efectos adversos no han pasado inadvertidos en los organismos acuáticos y terrestres. Dado la potencial peligrosidad de los fármacos en el medio ambiente, se requiere de metodologías analíticas capaces de determinar dichos compuestos a niveles traza, razón por la cual en el presente trabajo se implementa y valida la determinación de los fármacos amoxicilina, diclofenaco mediante cromatografía de líquidos y hormonas tales como 17ß-estradiol y el 17α-etinilestradiol, acetato de 17ß-estradiol y estrona, en agua potable y agua residual mediante cromatografía de gases y extracción en fase sólida.

Compuestos orgánicos Contaminantes emergentes Cromatografía de gases Cromatografía de líquidos INGENIERÍA Y TECNOLOGÍA

Regional analysis of the wage discrimination in the indigenous workers in Mexico

Christian De la Luz-Tovar SIBYL ITALIA PINEDA SALAZAR (2023, [Artículo, Artículo])

The objective of this research is to estimate and decompose the wage gap between indigenous and non-indigenous workers by region in Mexico, to examine whether there are regional differences in the existing wage inequality that a priori affects the indigenous population and whether these differences can be attributed to the job profile of this group or by systematic labor discrimination against them. Using the data from the 2018 National Household Expenditure Revenue Survey (ENIGH-N) and the Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition, it was found that indigenous workers face a wage gap in all regions of the county. But, this gap is more pronounced in the center and south regions, where, on average, the associated component with labor discrimination has a percentage greater than 56. In contrast, in the north-central and northern regions of Mexico, the residual component is on average less than 33%, which suggests that the wage gap is explained by differences in productivity between groups.                         

Labor economics Ethnicity wage gap Indigenous population Regions Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition Economía laboral Brecha salarial étnica Población indígena Regiones Descomposición de Oaxaca-Blinder CIENCIAS SOCIALES CIENCIAS SOCIALES

Realidad virtual en fenómenos del espacio interestelar

Antonio Luciano Hernández Padilla (2024, [Tesis de maestría])

153 páginas. Maestría en Diseño y Visualización de la Información.

El proyecto es un prototipo que se distribuye en varias etapas y sigue un enfoque de diseño de videojuegos para crear una experiencia de realidad virtual (también conocida como VR Virtual Reality) organizada y coherente. Requiere una fusión de conceptos multidisciplinarios, incluyendo ingeniería, diseño tridimensional y programación, lo que demanda a los profesionales involucrados tener sólidos conocimientos y habilidades creativas. El diseño de videojuegos se valora como un proceso que exige dedicación y pasión, aunque también se destaca la importancia de establecer reglas y géneros para orientar el desarrollo del juego. En este proyecto, el juego se clasifica como una aventura en primera persona centrada en la exploración del espacio interestelar, donde el jugador debe seguir reglas preestablecidas para alcanzar objetivos. La ludología, como estudio académico de los juegos, resalta la constante esencia de jugar, aprender y socializar en los juegos. La construcción del mundo del juego se basa en un Game Design Document que describe la visión, género y objetivos del juego. "Space Travel" se centra en la exploración espacial y cuenta con una nave espacial minimalista y un exoplaneta rocoso y gélido. Las mecánicas del juego se centran en la recolección de objetos y su activación, con reglas que guían la interacción del jugador con el entorno. Este proyecto busca ofrecer una experiencia de VR inmersiva y atractiva, centrada en el usuario. El enfoque en los principios de diseño de videojuegos y la planificación a través del Game Design Document demuestran un compromiso con la creación de una experiencia gratificante y significativa. La atención a la inmersión y las mecánicas de juego respaldan la afirmación de que es un desarrollo centrado en la experiencia del usuario.

The ongoing project is a prototype in various stages, following a game design approach to create an organized and coherent virtual reality experience. It requires a fusion of multidisciplinary concepts, including engineering, three-dimensional design, and programming, demanding that involved professionals possess strong knowledge and creative skills. Game design is valued as a process that demands dedication and passion, while also emphasizing the importance of establishing rules and genres to guide game development. In this project, the game is classified as a first-person adventure focused on interstellar space exploration, where the player must adhere to preset rules to achieve objectives. Ludology, as an academic study of games, highlights the constant essence of playing, learning, and socializing within games. The construction of the game world is based on a Game Design Document describing the vision, genre, and objectives of the game. "Space Travel" focuses on space exploration, featuring a minimalist spaceship and an icy, rocky exoplanet. Game mechanics revolve around object collection and activation, with rules guiding the player's interaction with the environment. This project aims to deliver an immersive and engaging virtual reality experience centered on the user. The focus on game design principles and planning through the Game Design Document demonstrates a commitment to creating a rewarding and meaningful experience. Attention to immersion and game mechanics supports the assertion that it's a user experience focused development.

Espacio, realidad, virtual, interactividad, diseño, experiencia, usuario. Space, Virtual, Reality, interactivity, design, user, experience. Video games--Design. Outer space--Exploration. Video games--Programming. VRML (Computer program language) Three-dimensional display systems. Videojuegos -- Diseño. Espacio exterior -- Exploración. Diseño de sistemas centrado en el usuario. QA76.76.C672 INGENIERÍA Y TECNOLOGÍA CIENCIAS TECNOLÓGICAS TECNOLOGÍA DE LOS ORDENADORES DISEÑO CON AYUDA DE ORDENADOR