Genetic analysis of Vibrio parahaemolyticus O3:K6 strains that have been isolated in Mexico since 1998

CARLOS ABRAHAM GUERRERO RUIZ (2017, [Artículo])

Vibrio parahaemolyticus is an important human pathogen that has been isolated worldwide from clinical cases, most of which have been associated with seafood consumption. Environmental and clinical toxigenic strains of V. parahaemolyticus that were isolated in Mexico from 1998 to 2012, including those from the only outbreak that has been reported in this country, were characterized genetically to assess the presence of the O3:K6 pandemic clone, and their genetic relationship to strains that are related to the pandemic clonal complex (CC3). Pathogenic tdh+ and tdh+/trh+ strains were analyzed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and multilocus sequence typing (MLST). Also, the entire genome of a Mexican O3:K6 strain was sequenced. Most of the strains were tdh/ORF8-positive and corresponded to the O3:K6 serotype. By PFGE and MLST, there was very close genetic relationship between ORF8/O3:K6 strains, and very high genetic diversities from non-pandemic strains. The genetic relationship is very close among O3:K6 strains that were isolated in Mexico and sequences that were available for strains in the CC3, based on the PubMLST database. The whole-genome sequence of CICESE-170 strain had high similarity with that of the reference RIMD 2210633 strain, and harbored 7 pathogenicity islands, including the 4 that denote O3:K6 pandemic strains. These results indicate that pandemic strains that have been isolated in Mexico show very close genetic relationship among them and with those isolated worldwide. © 2017 Guerrero et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Article, bacterial strain, biofouling, controlled study, Crassostrea, food intake, gene sequence, genetic analysis, genetic variability, Japan, Mexican, Mexico, molecular phylogeny, nonhuman, pandemic, pathogenicity island, sea food, serotyping, toxi BIOLOGÍA Y QUÍMICA CIENCIAS DE LA VIDA GENÉTICA GENÉTICA

Percepción y significación de la gráfica urbana, en un acercamiento a la transdisciplinariedad

MARIA TERESA OLALDE RAMOS (2023, [Capítulo de libro])

Capítulo número 1 de la Sección El juego de los signos.

Se puede decir que los gráficos urbanos al ser analizados desde los distintos enfoques en que son interpretados, pueden ser entendidos como un fenómeno complejo, vistos desde su representación formal como signos, o también de acuerdo a su funcionalidad práctica como pueden ser las señales de tránsito, o bien los anuncios publicitarios y su impacto comercial que, como parte del contexto en que se ubican, pueden cambiar su sentido práctico y tomar nuevos roles de acuerdo a su significado. Estos mismos mensajes visuales pueden llegar a ser interpretados y significados como símbolos representativos de un sitio o como decoraciones escenográficas del mismo. Lo importante es entender es que todos y cada uno de los elementos visuales que encontramos en el contexto urbano comunican, ya que intrínsecamente llevan un mensaje en su propia representación visual, que a su vez son interpretados desde distintos enfoques por el sujeto con el que interactúan. El estudio transdisciplinario enriquecerá el conocimiento de la ciudad, lo cual puede ser un gran apoyo en la creación de distintas intervenciones en cuanto a la organización de espacios, desarrollo de edificaciones, de elementos mobiliarios, de transporte, así como de procesos de comunicación, las cuales se verán enriquecidas con los distintos enfoques disciplinarios que podemos encontrar en las diversas interpretaciones de los múltiples sujetos que la viven y la utilizan como parte de su cotidianeidad.

Signs and signboards. Commercial art. Graphic arts. Visual communication. Arte comercial. Artes gráficas. Letreros. Comunicación visual. HF5843 HUMANIDADES Y CIENCIAS DE LA CONDUCTA CIENCIAS DE LAS ARTES Y LAS LETRAS TEORÍA, ANÁLISIS Y CRÍTICA DE LAS BELLAS ARTES

Un gen para ti, un gen para mí: flujo genético entre parientes silvestres y plantas domesticadas

Mauricio Heredia Pech MARIANA CHAVEZ PESQUEIRA (2023, [Artículo])

El flujo genético se refiere al movimiento de genes entre individuos o poblaciones. En ocasiones puede darse también entre especies cercanamente emparentadas, como en el caso de las plantas domesticadas y sus parientes silvestres. Los parientes silvestres son de gran importancia para la seguridad alimentaria debido a su gran diversidad genética, que los convierte en una reserva natural de genes. Las consecuencias del flujo genético silvestre-domesticado dependerán de la intensidad y dirección en la que se muevan los genes, siendo la preocupación principal el riesgo que puede existir para el mantenimiento de la diversidad genética de los parientes silvestres.

CONSERVACION DISPERSION DIVERSIDAD GENETICA FUERZA EVOLUTIVA SELECCION ARTIFICIAL BIOLOGÍA Y QUÍMICA CIENCIAS DE LA VIDA BIOLOGÍA VEGETAL (BOTÁNICA) ECOLOGÍA VEGETAL ECOLOGÍA VEGETAL

Las nuevas redes de centros de desarrollo tecnológico aplicado. Una aproximación al caso británico

Germán Herrera Bartis Patricia Gutti (2023, [Artículo, Artículo])

Este trabajo lleva a cabo un análisis de la experiencia de Catapult, un programa guberna­mental del Reino Unido surgido una década atrás consistente en la creación y sosteni­miento de una red de nuevos centros de desarrollo tecnológico aplicado destinados a atender las demandas y requerimientos de los actores productivos privados de dicho país. A través del análisis de numerosos documentos oficiales, auditorías del programa y entre­vistas a actores clave el artículo analiza las características centrales de la política en cues­tión, incluyendo los elementos que definen la gobernanza del sistema, el esquema de fi­nanciamiento vigente, el alcance de las actividades tecnológicas de los centros y su vínculo con las empresas privadas.

Tecnología Innovación Desarrollo tecnológico Política industrial Reino Unido CIENCIAS SOCIALES CIENCIAS SOCIALES

Plantas vs. insectos Uso del arsenal natural defensivo de las plantas cultivadas contra insectos plaga

ROBERTO RAFAEL RUIZ SANTIAGO Horacio Salomón Ballina Gómez ESAU RUIZ SANCHEZ (2023, [Artículo])

En las zonas de cultivo agrícolas acontece una batalla entre dos grupos, las plantas de interés económico y los insectos hambrientos que gustan de las fibras y savias de las plantas. Sin embargo, las plantas cuentan con estrategias defensivas para su supervivencia a factores externos y al daño causado por los insectos. Diversos estudios han explorado las características defensivas físicas, fisiológicas y químicas, y su relación con el daño ocasionado por los insectos. En este trabajo se pretende dar a conocer estudios en los que se ha demostrado el uso del arsenal natural de las plantas contra plagas agrícolas.

AGRICULTURA DEFENSA DEFOLIACION FITOFAGOS INSECTOS BIOLOGÍA Y QUÍMICA CIENCIAS DE LA VIDA BIOLOGÍA VEGETAL (BOTÁNICA) ECOLOGÍA VEGETAL ECOLOGÍA VEGETAL

El huevo de traspatio: características físicas y desempeño en pruebas de incubación artificial

The backyard egg: physical characteristics and performance in artificial incubation tests

MARCO ANTONIO CAMACHO ESCOBAR MARTHA PATRICIA JEREZ SALAS JUAN CARLOS GARCIA LOPEZ SERAFIN JACOBO LOPEZ GARRIDO EDGAR IVAN SANCHEZ BERNAL (2019, [Artículo])

El huevo de traspatio es de tamaño variable, en comparación con el huevo incubable comercial. El objetivo fue incubar huevo de traspatio para conocer las características físicas y desempeño en pruebas de incubación artificial. Se incubaron 1129 huevos: 1002 de gallinas criollas, 68 de gallinas araucanas y 59 de pava. Las variables evaluadas fueron peso, eje longitudinal, diámetro máximo polar, diámetro ecuatorial, diámetro mínimo polar e índice de forma, cascarón quebrado o cascarón sucio, fertilidad, incubabilidad y mortalidad embrionaria total, temprana, intermedia y tardía. El huevo de pava tuvo mayor peso, eje longitudinal, diámetro máximo polar, diámetro ecuatorial, diámetro mínimo polar y fertilidad (p < 0.05), también tuvo menor índice de forma que los huevos de gallina criolla y gallina araucana (p < 0.05). El huevo de gallina araucana presentó mayor incubabilidad y menor mortalidad embrionaria total (p < 0.05). Las características y desempeño del huevo criollo son diferentes al huevo incubable; por ello, los criterios de uniformidad e incubación comercial no le son, precisamente, adecuados para la incubación

The backyard egg is small in comparison with the incubating egg. The objective was to incubate backyard eggs to know physical characteristics and performance in artificial incubation tests. 1129 eggs were incubated: 1002 creole hens’ eggs, 68 araucana hens’ eggs and 59 turkeys’ eggs. The evaluated variables were weight, longitudinal axis, maximum polar diameter, equatorial diameter, polar minimum diameter, shape index, broken shell or dirty shell, fertility, hatchability, and total early, intermediate, and late embryonic mortality. The turkey egg had greater weight, length, maximum polar diameter, equatorial diameter, minimum polar diameter and fertility (p < 0.05). They also had a lower rate of form than the eggs of the creole and araucanian hens (p < 0.05). The araucanian chicken egg showed greater hatchability and lower total embryonic mortality (p < 0.05). The characteristics and performance of the creole egg are different from the incubable egg; therefore, the criteria of uniformity and commercial incubation are not, precisely, suitable for incubation

CIENCIAS AGROPECUARIAS Y BIOTECNOLOGÍA Gallina araucana Gallina criolla Guajolote Incubabilidad Pava Araucana hen Creole hen Turkey hen Hatchability Guajolote

The contribution of strong and weak ties to resilience: The case of small-scale maize farming systems in Mexico

Tania Carolina Camacho Villa Ernesto Adair Zepeda Villarreal Julio Díaz-José Roberto Rendon-Medel Bram Govaerts (2023, [Artículo])

Social Network Analysis Farm Typologies Social Ties Strong Ties CIENCIAS AGROPECUARIAS Y BIOTECNOLOGÍA INNOVATION NETWORKS PERSISTENCE SOCIAL NETWORK ANALYSIS MAIZE FARMING SYSTEMS

Agricultural emissions reduction potential by improving technical efficiency in crop production

Arun Khatri-Chhetri Tek Sapkota sofina maharjan Paresh Shirsath (2023, [Artículo])

CONTEXT: Global and national agricultural development policies normally tend to focus more on enhancing farm productivity through technological changes than on better use of existing technologies. The role of improving technical efficiency in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions reduction from crop production is the least explored area in the agricultural sector. But improving technical efficiency is necessary in the context of the limited availability of existing natural resources (particularly land and water) and the need for GHG emission reduction from the agriculture sector. Technical efficiency gains in the production process are linked with the amount of input used nd the cost of production that determines both economic and environmental gains from the better use of existing technologies. OBJECTIVE: To assess a relationship between technical efficiency and GHG emissions and test the hypothesis that improving technical efficiency reduces GHG emissions from crop production. METHODS: This study used input-output data collected from 10,689 rice farms and 5220 wheat farms across India to estimate technical efficiency, global warming potential, and emission intensity (GHG emissions per unit of crop production) under the existing crop production practices. The GHG emissions from rice and wheat production were estimated using the CCAFS Mitigation Options Tool (CCAFS-MOT) and the technical efficiency of production was estimated through a stochastic production frontier analysis. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Results suggest that improving technical efficiency in crop production can reduce emission intensity but not necessarily total emissions. Moreover, our analysis does not support smallholders tend to be technically less efficient and the emissions per unit of food produced by smallholders can be relatively high. Alarge proportion of smallholders have high technical efficiency, less total GHG emissions, and low emissions intensity. This study indicates the levels of technical efficiency and GHG emission are largely influenced by farming typology, i.e. choice and use of existing technologies and management practices in crop cultivation. SIGNIFICANCE: This study will help to promote existing improved technologies targeting GHG emissions reduction from the agriculture production systems.

Technical Efficiency Interventions CIENCIAS AGROPECUARIAS Y BIOTECNOLOGÍA MITIGATION PRODUCTIVITY CROP PRODUCTION GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS

Smallholder maize yield estimation using satellite data and machine learning in Ethiopia

Zhe Guo Jordan Chamberlin Liangzhi You (2023, [Artículo])

The lack of timely, high-resolution data on agricultural production is a major challenge in developing countries where such information can guide the allocation of scarce resources for food security, agricultural investment, and other objectives. While much research has suggested that remote sensing can potentially help address these gaps, few studies have indicated the immediate potential for large-scale estimations over both time and space. In this study we described a machine learning approach to estimate smallholder maize yield in Ethiopia, using well-measured and broadly distributed ground truth data and freely available spatiotemporal covariates from remote sensing. A neural networks model outperformed other algorithms in our study. Importantly, our work indicates that a model developed and calibrated on a previous year's data could be used to reasonably estimate maize yield in the subsequent year. Our study suggests the feasibility of developing national programs for the routine generation of broad-scale and high-resolution estimates of smallholder maize yield, including seasonal forecasts, on the basis of machine learning algorithms, well-measured ground control data, and currently existing time series satellite data.

Sentinel-2 Smallholder Agriculture Yield Prediction CIENCIAS AGROPECUARIAS Y BIOTECNOLOGÍA INTENSIFICATION SMALLHOLDERS AGRICULTURE YIELD FORECASTING

Do marine reserves increase prey for California sea lions and Pacific harbor seals?

ALEJANDRO ARIAS DEL RAZO (2019, [Artículo])

Community marine reserves are geographical areas closed to fishing activities, implemented and enforced by the same fishermen that fish around them. Their main objective is to recover commercial stocks of fish and invertebrates. While marine reserves have proven successful in many parts of the world, their success near important marine predator colonies, such as the California sea lion (Zalophus californianus) and the Pacific harbor seal (Phoca vitulina richardii), is yet to be analyzed. In response to the concerns expressed by local fishermen about the impact of the presence of pinnipeds on their communities’ marine reserves, we conducted underwater surveys around four islands in the Pacific west of the Baja California Peninsula: two without reserves (Todos Santos and San Roque); one with a recently established reserve (San Jeronimo); and, a fourth with reserves established eight years ago (Natividad). All these islands are subject to similar rates of exploitation by fishing cooperatives with exclusive rights. We estimated fish biomass and biodiversity in the seas around the islands, applying filters for potential California sea lion and harbor seal prey using known species from the literature. Generalized linear mixed models revealed that the age of the reserve has a significant positive effect on fish biomass, while the site (inside or outside of the reserve) did not, with a similar result found for the biomass of the prey of the California sea lion. Fish biodiversity was also higher around Natividad Island, while invertebrate biodiversity was higher around San Roque. These findings indicate that marine reserves increase overall fish diversity and biomass, despite the presence of top predators, even increasing the numbers of their potential prey. Community marine reserves may help to improve the resilience of marine mammals to climate-driven phenomena and maintain a healthy marine ecosystem for the benefit of both pinnipeds and fishermen. © 2019 Arias-Del-Razo et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Article, biodiversity, biomass, climate change, ecosystem resilience, environmental exploitation, fish stock, fishing, marine environment, marine invertebrate, nonhuman, Phoca vitulina, Pinnipedia, prey searching, Zalophus californianus, animal, biom BIOLOGÍA Y QUÍMICA CIENCIAS DE LA VIDA BIOLOGÍA ANIMAL (ZOOLOGÍA) BIOLOGÍA ANIMAL (ZOOLOGÍA)