Evaluación del aporte hidrológico superficial en el sistema de bloque de montaña de la subcuenca Ojos Negros

Surface hydrological contribution evaluation in the mountain block system of the Ojos Negros subbasin

Ricardo Adolfo Hidalgo Rodríguez (2023, [Tesis de maestría])

Este trabajo se realizó en la sección de la subcuenca Ojos Negros, sobre el bloque de montaña de la Sierra de Juárez (denominado Sistema de Bloque de Montaña de la Subcuenca Ojos Negros, SBMON), en el estado de Baja California, México. Se llevó a cabo un modelado hidrológico del escurrimiento en el periodo 1981-2020 para cuantificar el aporte hidrológico de salida hacia el Valle de Ojos Negros. En cumplimiento del objetivo, se diseñó una base de datos meteorológicos compuesta por los registros diarios de las estaciones meteorológicas en la región y del modelo de forzamiento de superficie NLDAS2. Se recopiló un conjunto de información edafológica, forestal, geológica, satelital y topográfica dentro del área de estudio. Con la información recolectada, se elaboraron dos modelos de escurrimiento empleando el método de las curvas numeradas (CN) del Departamento de Agricultura de los Estados Unidos (USDA). Los modelos fueron ajustados con los valores de sustracción inicial, Ia, de 0.2 (modelo A) y 0.05 (modelo B). Las series generadas se compararon con los resultados del modelo GCN250, basado en los datos edafológicos y forestales de la Agencia Espacial Europea (ESA). A nivel regional, se observó un aporte de escurrimiento anual de 9.2 Mm3 (GCN250), 10.9 Mm3 (modelo A) y 4.7 Mm3 (modelo B). La sección oriental del SBMON mostró el mayor potencial de infiltración, pero también fue la zona con mayor producción de escurrimiento en todos los modelos. Desde la perspectiva estacional, se identificaron periodos donde los escurrimientos formados a partir de las lluvias en verano superaron a los generados en la temporada invernal. Con base a los resultados obtenidos, el aporte de escurrimiento dentro del SBMON es significativa, no obstante, los procesos de escurrimiento subsuperficial y subterráneo pueden tener un papel todavía más importante en la recarga hacia el Valle de Ojos Negros. Se recomienda dar seguimiento a la variación del contenido de humedad en los suelos del SBMON, a los patrones anuales y estacionales de precipitación, así como la contribución hídrica del derretimiento de la nieve en la Sierra de Juárez.

This work was realized in the section of the Ojos Negros sub-basin, on the Sierra de Juárez mountain block (denominated Mountain Block System of the Ojos Negros Sub-Basin, SBMON), in the state of Baja California, Mexico. A hydrological runoff modeling was carried out for the period 1981-2020 to quantify the output hydrological contribution toward the Ojos Negros Valley. In compliance with the objective, a meteorological database consisting of the daily records of the meteorological stations and the NLDAS-2 surface forcing model was designed. A set of edaphological, forestry, geological, satellite, and topographical information was collected within the study area. Based on the collected information, two runoff models were developed using the Curve Number (CN) method from the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). The models were adjusted with the initial subtraction values, Ia, of 0.2 (model A) and 0.05 (model B). The generated series were compared with the results of the GCN250 model, based on soil and forestry data from the European Space Agency (ESA). Regionally, an annual runoff contribution of 9.2 Mm3 (GCN250), 10.9 Mm3 (model A), and 4.7 Mm3 (model B) was observed. The eastern section of the SBMON showed the highest infiltration potential, but it was also the area with the highest runoff production in all models. From the seasonal perspective, periods were identified where the runoff formed from summer rains exceeded that generated in the winter season. Based on the results obtained, the runoff contribution within the SBMON is significant, however, the subsurface and underground runoff processes may have an even more key role in the recharge toward the Ojos Negros Valley. It is recommended to monitor the variation of the moisture content in the SBMON soils, the annual and seasonal patterns of precipitation, as well as the water contribution from the snow melting in the Sierra de Juárez.

Sistema de bloque de montaña de la subcuenca Ojos Negros, escurrimiento, infiltración, método de las Curvas Numeradas, GCN250 Mountain Block System of the Ojos Negros Sub-Basin, runoff, infiltration, Curve Number method, GCN250 CIENCIAS FÍSICO MATEMÁTICAS Y CIENCIAS DE LA TIERRA CIENCIAS DE LA TIERRA Y DEL ESPACIO OTRAS ESPECIALIDADES DE LA TIERRA, ESPACIO O ENTORNO OTRAS OTRAS

Modelo híbrido de sistemas energéticos para la evaluación del uso de energías renovables

Carlos Iván Torres González (2020, [Tesis de maestría])

En este trabajo proponemos un modelo híbrido para evaluar diferentes escenarios de generación de electricidad con energías renovables que maximiza el bienestar social desde la perspectiva económica contemplando un enfoque técnico sobre la estructura de costos de producción de electricidad. Adicionalmente, realizamos 2 simulaciones del modelo propuesto al sistema eléctrico de Baja California Sur para 10 períodos, contemplando 4 escenarios de producción limpia diferentes. De los resultados observados en ambas simulaciones podemos remarcar 2 puntos en términos de políticas públicas. El primer punto es la importancia de tener múltiples generadores que funcionen con combustibles renovables si se desea producir una proporción significativa de electricidad con FER. El segundo punto es el trade-off entre bienestar y emisiones de CO2. Los resultados sugieren que el aumento del consumo de electricidad es un elemento importante para aumentar el bienestar social. A su vez, el aumento de consumo eléctrico implica un aumento de producción, y por tanto un aumento de emisiones de CO2. Los resultados de la segunda simulación sugieren que con el aumento de la capacidad de generación limpia y costos eficientes, se pueden alcanzar niveles de bienestar casi iguales a los tradicionales, pero con la mitad de emisiones de CO2.

Electric power production -- Effect of renewable energy sources on -- Mexico -- Baja California Sur (State) -- 2015 -- Mathematical models. Carbon dioxide mitigation -- Effect of renewable energy sources on -- Mexico -- Baja California Sur (State) -- 2015 -- Mathematical models. CIENCIAS SOCIALES CIENCIAS SOCIALES

Effects of geostrophic kinetic energy on the distribution of mesopelagic fish larvae in the southern Gulf of California in summer/fall stratified seasons

FERNANDO CONTRERAS CATALA (2016, [Artículo])

Effects of geostrophic kinetic energy flux on the three-dimensional distribution of fish larvae of mesopelagic species (Vinciguerria lucetia, Diogenichthys laternatus, Benthosema panamense and Triphoturus mexicanus) in the southern Gulf of California during summer and fall seasons of stronger stratification were analyzed. The greatest larval abundance was found at sampling stations in geostrophic kinetic energy-poor areas (<7.5 J/m3), where the distribution of the dominant species tended to be stratified. Larvae of V. lucetia (average abundance of 318 larvae/10m2) and B. panamense (174 larvae/10m2) were mostly located in and above the pycnocline (typically ∼ 40 m depth). In contrast, larvae of D. laternatus (60 larvae/10m2) were mainly located in and below the pycnocline. On the other hand, in sampling stations from geostrophic kinetic energy-rich areas (> 21 J/m3), where mesoscale eddies were present, the larvae of the dominant species had low abundance and were spread more evenly through the water column, in spite of the water column stratification. For example, in a cyclonic eddy, V. lucetia larvae (34 larvae/10m2) extended their distribution to, at least, the limit of sampling 200 m depth below the pycnocline, while D. laternatus larvae (29 larvae/10m2) were found right up to the surface, both probably as a consequence mixing and secondary circulation in the eddy. Results showed that the level of the geostrophic kinetic energy flux affects the abundance and the three-dimensional distribution of mesopelagic fish larvae during the seasons of stronger stratification, indicating that areas with low geostrophic kinetic energy may be advantageous for feeding and development of mesopelagic fish larvae because of greater water column stability. © 2016 Contreras-Catala et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Article, autumn, Benthosema panamense, Diogenichthys laternatus, environmental factor, environmental parameters, fish, geographic distribution, geostrophic kinetic energy, hydrography, larva, nonhuman, population abundance, population dispersion, pop CIENCIAS FÍSICO MATEMÁTICAS Y CIENCIAS DE LA TIERRA CIENCIAS DE LA TIERRA Y DEL ESPACIO OCEANOGRAFÍA OCEANOGRAFÍA

Protein retention assessment of four levels of poultry by-product substitution of fishmeal in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) diets using stable isotopes of nitrogen (δ15N) as natural tracers

DANIEL BADILLO ZAPATA (2014, [Artículo])

This is second part from an experiment where the nitrogen retention of poultry by-product meal (PBM) compared to fishmeal (FM) was evaluated using traditional indices. Here a quantitative method using stable isotope ratios of nitrogen (δ15N values) as natural tracers of nitrogen incorporation into fish biomass is assessed. Juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were fed for 80 days on isotopically distinct diets in which 0, 33, 66 and 100% of FM as main protein source was replaced by PBM. The diets were isonitrogenous, isolipidic and similar in gross energy content. Fish in all treatments reached isotopic equilibrium by the end of the experiment. Two-source isotope mixing models that incorporated the isotopic composition of FM and PBM as well as that of formulated feeds, empirically derived trophic discrimination factors and the isotopic composition of fish that had reached isotopic equilibrium to the diets were used to obtain a quantitative estimate of the retention of each source of nitrogen. Fish fed the diets with 33 and 66% replacement of FM by PBM retained poultry by-product meal roughly in proportion to its level of inclusion in the diets, whereas no differences were detected in the protein efficiency ratio. Coupled with the similar biomass gain of fishes fed the different diets, our results support the inclusion of PBM as replacement for fishmeal in aquaculture feeds. A re-feeding experiment in which all fish were fed a diet of 100% FM for 28 days indicated isotopic turnover occurred very fast, providing further support for the potential of isotopic ratios as tracers of the retention of specific protein sources into fish tissues. Stable isotope analysis is a useful tool for studies that seek to obtain quantitative estimates of the retention of different protein sources. © 2014 Badillo et al.

nitrogen 15, nitrogen, protein intake, animal behavior, animal experiment, animal food, animal tissue, aquaculture, Article, biomass, controlled study, energy metabolism, food composition, juvenile animal, nonhuman, poultry by product meal, protein a CIENCIAS FÍSICO MATEMÁTICAS Y CIENCIAS DE LA TIERRA CIENCIAS DE LA TIERRA Y DEL ESPACIO OCEANOGRAFÍA OCEANOGRAFÍA