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Review of Nationally Determined Contributions (NCD) of China from the perspective of food systems

Tek Sapkota (2023, [Documento de trabajo])

China is the largest emitter of greenhouse gases (GHG) and one of the countries most affected by climate change. China's food systems are a major contributor to climate change: in 2018, China's food systems emitted 1.09 billion tons of carbondioxide equivalent (CO2eq) GHGs, accounting for 8.2% of total national GHG emissions and 2% of global emissions. According to the Third National Communication (TNC) Report, in 2010, GHG emissions from energy, industrial processes, agriculture, and waste accounted for 78.6%, 12.3%, 7.9%, and 1.2% of total emissions, respectively, (excluding emissions from land use, land-use change and forestry (LULUCF). Total GHG emissions from the waste sector in 2010 were 132 Mt CO2 eq, with municipal solid waste landfills accounting for 56 Mt. The average temperature in China has risen by 1.1°C over the last century (1908–2007), while nationally averaged precipitation amounts have increased significantly over the last 50 years. The sea level and sea surface temperature have risen by 90 mm and 0.9°C respectively in the last 30 years. A regional climate model predicted an annual mean temperature increase of 1.3–2.1°C by 2020 (2.3–3.3°C by 2050), while another model predicted a 1–1.6°C temperature increase and a 3.3–3.7 percent increase in precipitation between 2011 and 2020, depending on the emissions scenario. By 2030, sea level rise along coastal areas could be 0.01–0.16 meters, increasing the likelihood of flooding and intensified storm surges and causing the degradation of wetlands, mangroves, and coral reefs. Addressing climate change is a common human cause, and China places a high value on combating climate change. Climate change has been incorporated into national economic and social development plans, with equal emphasis on mitigation and adaptation to climate change, including an updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) in 2021. The following overarching targets are included in China's updated NDC: • Peaking carbon dioxide emissions “before 2030” and achieving carbon neutrality before 2060. • Lowering carbon intensity by “over 65%” by 2030 from the 2005 level. • Increasing forest stock volume by around 6 billion cubic meters in 2030 from the 2005 level. The targets have come from several commitments made at various events, while China has explained very well the process adopted to produce its third national communication report. An examination of China's NDC reveals that it has failed to establish quantifiable and measurable targets in the agricultural sectors. According to the analysis of the breakdown of food systems and their inclusion in the NDC, the majority of food system activities are poorly mentioned. China's interventions or ambitions in this sector have received very little attention. The adaptation component is mentioned in the NDC, but is not found to be sector-specific or comprehensive. A few studies have rated the Chinese NDC as insufficient, one of the reasons being its failure to list the breakdown of each sector's clear pathway to achieving its goals. China's NDC lacks quantified data on food system sub-sectors. Climate Action Trackers' "Insufficient" rating indicates that China's domestic target for 2030 requires significant improvements to be consistent with the Paris Agreement's target of 1.5°C temperature limit. Some efforts are being made: for example, scientists from the Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (IEDA-CAAS) have developed methods for calculating GHG emissions from livestock and poultry farmers that have been published as an industrial standard by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, PRC (Prof Hongmin Dong, personal communication) but this still needs to be consolidated and linked to China’s NDC. The updated Nationally Determined Contributions fall short of quantifiable targets in agriculture and food systems as a whole, necessitating clear pathways. China's NDC is found to be heavily focused on a few sectors, including energy, transportation, and urban-rural development. The agricultural sectors' and food systems' targets are vague, and China's agrifood system has a large carbon footprint. As a result, China should focus on managing the food system (production, processing, transportation, and food waste management) to reduce carbon emissions. Furthermore, China should take additional measures to make its climate actions more comprehensive, quantifiable, and measurable, such as setting ambitious and clear targets for the agriculture sector, including activity-specific GHG-reduction pathways; prioritizing food waste and loss reduction and management; promoting sustainable livestock production and low carbon diets; reducing chemical pollution; minimizing the use of fossil fuel in the agri-system and focusing on developing green jobs, technological advancement and promoting climate-smart agriculture; promoting indigenous practices and locally led adaptation; restoring degraded agricultural soils and enhancing cooperation and private partnership. China should also prepare detailed NDC implementation plans including actions and the GHG reduction from conditional targets.

CIENCIAS AGROPECUARIAS Y BIOTECNOLOGÍA GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS CLIMATE CHANGE FOOD SYSTEMS LAND USE CHANGE AGRICULTURE POLICIES DATA ANALYSIS FOOD WASTES

Resolución de disputas comerciales y flujos de Inversión Extranjera Directa (IED) hacia los Estados Mexicanos

MITZI MAGALI MORENO VARGAS MANUEL DE JESUS GOMEZ ZALDIVAR (2018, [Artículo])

En este trabajo se analiza la relación existente entre los flujos de IED que reciben los distintos estados del país, y el estado de derecho en las entidades, para el periodo 2007-2015. El estado de derecho en las entidades se aproxima con una medida de eficiencia de su sistema de justicia; específicamente, se mide el número de días que toma resolver disputas comerciales en cortes locales. En principio, un menor tiempo en la resolución judicial de las disputas debería incentivar que las entidades reciban mayores flujos de IED; esto debido a que los procesos judiciales tienen costos, potencialmente importantes para las empresas. Los resultados muestran una relación negativa y significativa entre el número de días que toma resolver las disputas comerciales y la cantidad de inversión extranjera directa que recibe el estado

In this work, we analyze the relationship between FDI flows and a rule of law indicator in Mexican states, during the period 2007-2015. The states’ rule of law is a measure of the efficiency in their justice system; specifically, it measures the number of days that takes to solve commercial disputes in local courts. In principle, we expect that the shorter the time it takes to resolve commercial disputes should encourage entities to receive higher flows of FDI. Long, drawn-out court disputes are costly for firms, which in turn may translate into lower growth rates due to the negative impact of these costs on their levels of investment. The results show a negative and significant relationship between the number of days it takes to resolve commercial disputes and the amount of direct foreign investment the state receives

CIENCIAS SOCIALES Inversión extranjera directa Sistema de Justicia Datos de panel

Remedies for the Inconsistences in the Times of Execution of the Unsorted Database Search Algorithm within the Wave Approach

Manuel Ávila Aoki José Benito Elizalde Salas (2017, [Artículo])

The typical semiclassical wave version of the unsorted database search algorithm based on a system of coupled simple harmonic oscillators does not consider an important ingredient of Grovers original algorithm as it is quantum entanglement. The role of entanglement in the wave version of the unsorted database search algorithm is explored and contradictions with the time of execution of Grovers algorithm are found. We remedy the contradictions by employing two arguments, one of them qualitative and the other quantitative. For the qualitative argument we employ the probabilistic nature of a legitimate quantum algorithm and remedy the above inconsistence. Within the quantitative argument we identify a parameter in the wave version of the unsorted database search algorithm which is related to entanglement. The contradiction with the time of execution of Grovers algorithm is solved by choosing an appropriate values of such a parameter which incorporates entanglement to the wave version of the unsorted database search algorithm. The utility of the present arguments are evident if the wave version of the unsorted data base search algorithm is experimentally implemented through a system of N quantum dots with a harmonic oscillator potential as a confinement potential for each of the quantum dots. Each of the above N vibrating quantum dots must be coupled to an extra single vibrating quantum dot which entangles to all of them. In order to obtain optimal results, the coupling constants of the mentioned quantum dots should be adjusted in the way described in the present work.

Computación Unsorted database search Grover algorithm wave entanglement queries time Computación Unsorted database search Grover algorithm wave entanglement queries time INGENIERÍA Y TECNOLOGÍA

Efficiency of combating property violence in the Northwest region of Mexico

Martin Flegl Eva Selene Hernández Gress (2023, [Artículo, Artículo])

The situation of violence in Mexico shows an alarming trend as the number of committed crimes increased by 10.9% in 2021 compared to 2020. In fact, 75.6% of the Mexican population perceives the insecurity. Due to the above, it is necessary to strengthen public security to combat this trend. However, the resources allocated to the public security in Mexico are limited. Although there are studies that investigate what causes the violence in Mexico, so far there is no study that measures the efficiency of combating the violence related to budgetary, human, and material resources of the public security. This article investigates the efficiency of combating the property violence in 206 municipalities in the Northwest region of Mexico through the Data Envelopment Analysis. The results show a low efficiency (56.67%) with significant differences between the states in the region. Baja California is the state with the lowest efficiency (17.61%), whereas the highest efficiency is found in Durango (67.25%). For the last, the need to carefully plan changes in the police force and the public security infrastructure was noted to improve the efficiency and the level of security.

Análisis Envolvente de Datos Delincuencia Eficiencia Municipios Seguridad pública CIENCIAS SOCIALES CIENCIAS SOCIALES Data Envelopment Analysis Delinquency Public security

Dormitator latifrons (Richardson, 1844) a Pacific fat sleeper, but skinny in research: a scientometric study

MARTIN ALONSO ARECHIGA PALOMERA KAREN NOEMI NIEVES RODRIGUEZ OLIMPIA CHONG CARRILLO Héctor Gerardo Nolasco Soria Emyr Saúl Peña Marín Carlos Alfonso Alvarez_González DAVID JULIAN PALMA CANCINO RAFAEL MARTINEZ GARCIA DANIEL BADILLO ZAPATA FERNANDO VEGA VILLASANTE (2022, [Artículo])

"In order to provide information on the current knowledge about the native fish Dormitator latifrons and identify the gaps that must be filled to achieve correct resource management, a scientometric study was carried out using different scientific databases. A total of 103 publications were registered between the years 1972 and 2021. Results indicate that the species has been addressed since 2001 with less than one publication per year, with 2008 being the year with the highest number of publications (10). The main topics addressed were ecology, physiology, and parasitology of fish. The available knowledge generated about the species is concentrated in 68 journals, with Mexico as the most productive country, followed by USA and Ecuador, and the most productive research centers about this fish were Mexico’s Instituto Politécnico Nacional and Universidad de Guadalajara. A total of 285 authors were detected contributing knowledge to the species, with Violante-González in the top with ten publications. The co-authorship co-occurrence maps suggest there is no solid collaborative relationship between the scientific community and that the information generated is insufficient for conserving and exploiting this fish. It is essential to increase the study of thematic areas that allow their comprehensive management in the medium term; topics like reproduction in captivity, aquaculture, and nutrition must be addressed in the future to assure a sustainable use of this resource."

Dormitator latifrons, native fish, amphidromous, worldwide database, regional database, cooccurrence map CIENCIAS AGROPECUARIAS Y BIOTECNOLOGÍA CIENCIAS AGRARIAS PECES Y FAUNA SILVESTRE DINÁMICA DE LAS POBLACIONES DINÁMICA DE LAS POBLACIONES

Contratos inteligentes para la gestión de datos de sensado móvil y vestible para aplicaciones en salud

Smart contracts for mobile and wearable sensing data management for health applications

José Ricardo Cedeño García (2023, [Tesis de maestría])

El aumento en la producción de datos derivado de la adopción de tecnologías móviles y de IoT está revolucionando la salud, pero también plantea importantes retos éticos y de privacidad. Los recientes avances en el aprendizaje automático han resaltado la importancia de recopilar y etiquetar datos correctamente, en especial para fines críticos, como el desarrollo de aplicaciones para cuidados médicos. La recopilación de datos médicos para tareas de aprendizaje automático presenta limitaciones en cuanto a la cantidad, variedad y calidad de las fuentes disponibles. Una forma de abordar este dilema es el uso de Blockchain para la recopilación y el uso de datos de pacientes. El anonimato de una red centralizada permite proteger la identidad del paciente. La estructura formada por nodos permite que la información esté siempre disponible y no dependa de un servidor principal. La inmutabilidad de los registros en la cadena garantiza la trazabilidad inequívoca del flujo de los datos del paciente. Por último, los mecanismos de consenso y recompensa de la red podrían motivar a nuevos usuarios a participar del sensado activo. Presentamos TRHEAD, una arquitectura de referencia basada en la Blockchain para recopilar datos sanitarios, firmar consentimientos, anotar datos y obtener crédito por los mismos, permitiendo a los usuarios rastrear el uso de sus datos, a los científicos rastrear su procedencia y proteger al mismo tiempo la privacidad de los pacientes. Exponemos dos implementaciones de nuestra arquitectura aplicadas a distintas campañas de sensado para comprobar su viabilidad, así como los resultados de su aplicación en estos escenarios y las conclusiones que desprendieron de su análisis. Dado que uno de los objetivos principales de TRHEAD es la recopilación de datos mediante sensado activo para el entrenamiento legal/consciente de modelos de aprendizaje automático, se realizó el entrenamiento de un modelo con los datos obtenidos de la campaña de sensado correspondiente a imágenes de rostros humanos, con el fin de detectar estados de ánimo. Finalmente se discute el papel de TRHEAD en el aseguramiento del trato justo y consciente de la información de los pacientes y el camino por recorrer en el perfeccionamiento de la arquitectura.

The increase in data production resulting from the adoption of mobile and IoT technologies is revolutionizing healthcare, but it also poses significant ethical and privacy challenges. Recent advances in machine learning have highlighted the importance of collecting and labeling data correctly, especially for critical purposes such as deploying healthcare software. Collecting medical data for machine learning tasks presents limitations in terms of the quantity, variety, and quality of available sources. One way to address this dilemma is the use of Blockchain for the collection and use of patient data. The anonymity of a centralized network allows the patient’s identity to be protected. The structure formed by nodes allows information to be always available and not dependent on a main server. The immutability of the records in the chain guarantees the unequivocal traceability of the flow of patient data. Finally, the network’s consensus and reward mechanisms could motivate new users to participate in active sensing. We present TRHEAD, a Blockchain-based reference architecture for collecting healthcare data, signing consents, annotating data and getting credit for it, allowing users to track the use of their data, scientists to track its provenance while protecting patients privacy. We present two implementations of our architecture applied to different sensing campaigns to test their feasibility, as well as the results of their application in these scenarios and the conclusions drawn from those results. Since one of the main objectives of TRHEAD is the collection of data through active sensing for the legal/conscious training of machine learning models, a model was trained with the data obtained from the sensing campaign corresponding to images of human faces, in order to detect moods. Finally, the role of TRHEAD in ensuring the fair and conscientious treatment of patient information and the road ahead in refining the architecture is discussed.

Contratos Inteligentes, Blockchain, Privacidad, Aprendizaje de Máquina Etico, Recopilación Consciente de Datos, Consentimiento, Arquitectura de Referencia Smart Contracts, Blockchain, Privacy, Ethical Machine Learning, Conscious Data Collection, Consent, Reference Architecture INGENIERÍA Y TECNOLOGÍA CIENCIAS TECNOLÓGICAS TECNOLOGÍA DE LOS ORDENADORES INTELIGENCIA ARTIFICIAL INTELIGENCIA ARTIFICIAL

OPTIMIZING THE TRANSFER OF ENERGY IN A HEAT EXCHANGER MINIMIZING THE CORROSION PROBLEMS IN PIPES IN A HYDROELECTRIC POWER STATION USING DATA MINING AND SUPPORT VECTOR MACHINE

VICTOR MANUEL ZEZATTI FLORES GUSTAVO URQUIZA BELTRAN MIGUEL ANGEL BASURTO PENSADO LAURA LILIA CASTRO GOMEZ (2019, [Artículo])

This research is based on the operation tube heat exchangers, their use and problematic on hydroelectric power plants. It is based on the design heat exchanger tubes for industrial use, which took the parameters of operation, design, working fluids (air and water) and conditions to assemble a monitoring equipment at appropriate scale for the laboratory, with the necessary measurement instruments to analyze the behavior of heat energy transfer by means of thermocouples, the velocity of the air with a hot wire anemometer and the flow of water with a turbine flow meter, in pipes of different materials: copper, steel 1018 and stainless steel 316L, all in ideal conditions, and with this to found a comparative parameter with pipes of the same materials but under conditions of deterioration with the presence of forced oxidation and with the data mining and support vector machine can be minimized the corrosion problems in pipes.

INGENIERÍA Y TECNOLOGÍA CIENCIAS TECNOLÓGICAS Data Mining, Support Vector Machine, Pattern Recognition and Decision Support System, heat exchangers.