Review of Nationally Determined Contributions (NCD) of Colombia from the perspective of food systems

Tek Sapkota (2023, [Documento de trabajo])

Food is a vital component of Colombia's economy. The impact of climate change on agriculture and food security in the country is severe. The effects have resulted in decreased production and in the productivity of agricultural soil. Desertification processes are accelerating and intensifying. Colombia's government formally submitted its Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) on December 29, 2020. This paper examines Colombia's NDC from the standpoint of the food system.

CIENCIAS AGROPECUARIAS Y BIOTECNOLOGÍA CLIMATE CHANGE GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS FOOD SYSTEMS LAND USE CHANGE AGRICULTURE POLICIES DATA ANALYSIS FOOD WASTES

Diseño y desarrollo de dispositivo de sujeción hidráulica para el proceso de brochado

Design and development of hydraulic clamping device for broaching process

Jorge Morales Carlos Álvarez Raúl Pérez Bustamante (2023, [Artículo])

Se desarrollo un dispositivo de sujeción hidráulica para el proceso de brochado de Brackets usados en los sistemas de frenado de automóviles, que permite reducir la variación del proceso de corte al mejorar el sistema de sujeción y con ello limitar la deformación de la pieza luego de haber sido procesada. Con este concepto de dispositivo es posible mejorar las condiciones del proceso de producción, como lo son: velocidad de corte, reducción de tiempo ciclo, rendimiento de la operación, reducción de costo de scrap, y reducción de tiempo muerto por sobre ajuste de proceso y cambio de modelo. Adicional, se hizo el desarrollo de un sistema de detección de pieza presente que permite captar cuando una pieza no es colocada correctamente en el dispositivo antes de iniciar el ciclo de corte, con esto es posible detectar fallas en el proceso que representen un riesgo para la operación. Durante la etapa de diseño se realizó una simulación del proceso de maquinado en condiciones extremas y condiciones ideales para medir la deformación de la pieza y con esto obtener los parámetros adecuados de corte para la puesta en marcha del dispositivo de sujeción. Para la validación del modelo, se realizó un estudio de habilidad de proceso Cpk y Ppk (acorde a los requerimientos de cliente) para evaluar que el nuevo proceso es eficiente y se encuentra bajo control.

A hydraulic clamping device was developed for the broaching process of Brackets used in automotivebraking systems, which allows reducing the variation of the cutting process by improving the clamping system andthereby limiting the deformation of the piece after having been processed. With this concept of device, it is possibleto improve the conditions of the production process such as: cutting speed, cycle time reduction, operationperformance, scrap cost reduction, and downtime reduction due to process over-adjustment and change over.Additionally, the development of a part detection system was made that allows capturing when a part is not correctlyplaced in the device before starting the cutting cycle, with this it is possible to detect failures in the process thatrepresent a risk to the operation. During the design stage, a simulation of the machining process was carried outin extreme conditions and ideal conditions to measure the deformation of the part and with this obtain theappropriate cutting parameters for the implementation of the clamping device. For the validation of the model, aCpk and Ppk process ability study was carried out (according to customer requirements) to assess that the newprocess is efficient and is under control.

Agradecemos al Centro de Investigación y Asistencia Técnica del Estado de Querétaro, A.C. (CIATEQ) y a la empresa donde fue desarrollado el proyecto por todas las facilidades otorgadas para la realización de dicho proyecto, de igual manera, agradecer por el apoyo brindado a todas las personas involucradas directa o indirectamente en el desarrollo de este trabajo.

Agradecimientos de autoría: Jorge Alberto Morales Martínez: Conceptualización; Metodología; Software; Análisis formal; Investigación; Adquisición de fondos; Recursos; Análisis de datos; Borrador original; Administración de proyecto, Revisión y edición. Carlos Marín: Conceptualización; Ideas; Análisis de datos; Software; Análisis formal y Supervisión. Raúl Pérez Bustamante: Revisión y edición.

Dispositivo de sujeción Proceso de brochado Bracket Sistema de frenado Parámetros de corte Cpk Ppk Clamping device Broaching process Brake system Cutting parameters INGENIERÍA Y TECNOLOGÍA CIENCIAS TECNOLÓGICAS OTRAS ESPECIALIDADES TECNOLÓGICAS OTRAS OTRAS

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Evan Girvetz Christian Thierfelder Iddo Dror (2022, [Objeto de congreso])

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MLN disease diagnostics, MLN disease-free seed production and MLN disease management

Suresh L.M. (2022, [Objeto de congreso])

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Kevin Pixley Jill Cairns Santiago Lopez-Ridaura Chris Ojiewo Baloua Nébié Godfrey Asea Biswanath Das Benoit Joseph Batieno Clare Mukankusi Sarah Hearne Kanwarpal Dhugga Sieglinde Snapp Ernesto Adair Zepeda Villarreal (2023, [Artículo])

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ML JAT (2021, [Objeto de congreso])

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Jelle Van Loon (2022, [Objeto de congreso])

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Hom Nath Gartaula (2022, [Libro])

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Tek Sapkota Sieglinde Snapp (2022, [Objeto de congreso])

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Review of Nationally Determined Contributions (NCD) of China from the perspective of food systems

Tek Sapkota (2023, [Documento de trabajo])

China is the largest emitter of greenhouse gases (GHG) and one of the countries most affected by climate change. China's food systems are a major contributor to climate change: in 2018, China's food systems emitted 1.09 billion tons of carbondioxide equivalent (CO2eq) GHGs, accounting for 8.2% of total national GHG emissions and 2% of global emissions. According to the Third National Communication (TNC) Report, in 2010, GHG emissions from energy, industrial processes, agriculture, and waste accounted for 78.6%, 12.3%, 7.9%, and 1.2% of total emissions, respectively, (excluding emissions from land use, land-use change and forestry (LULUCF). Total GHG emissions from the waste sector in 2010 were 132 Mt CO2 eq, with municipal solid waste landfills accounting for 56 Mt. The average temperature in China has risen by 1.1°C over the last century (1908–2007), while nationally averaged precipitation amounts have increased significantly over the last 50 years. The sea level and sea surface temperature have risen by 90 mm and 0.9°C respectively in the last 30 years. A regional climate model predicted an annual mean temperature increase of 1.3–2.1°C by 2020 (2.3–3.3°C by 2050), while another model predicted a 1–1.6°C temperature increase and a 3.3–3.7 percent increase in precipitation between 2011 and 2020, depending on the emissions scenario. By 2030, sea level rise along coastal areas could be 0.01–0.16 meters, increasing the likelihood of flooding and intensified storm surges and causing the degradation of wetlands, mangroves, and coral reefs. Addressing climate change is a common human cause, and China places a high value on combating climate change. Climate change has been incorporated into national economic and social development plans, with equal emphasis on mitigation and adaptation to climate change, including an updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) in 2021. The following overarching targets are included in China's updated NDC: • Peaking carbon dioxide emissions “before 2030” and achieving carbon neutrality before 2060. • Lowering carbon intensity by “over 65%” by 2030 from the 2005 level. • Increasing forest stock volume by around 6 billion cubic meters in 2030 from the 2005 level. The targets have come from several commitments made at various events, while China has explained very well the process adopted to produce its third national communication report. An examination of China's NDC reveals that it has failed to establish quantifiable and measurable targets in the agricultural sectors. According to the analysis of the breakdown of food systems and their inclusion in the NDC, the majority of food system activities are poorly mentioned. China's interventions or ambitions in this sector have received very little attention. The adaptation component is mentioned in the NDC, but is not found to be sector-specific or comprehensive. A few studies have rated the Chinese NDC as insufficient, one of the reasons being its failure to list the breakdown of each sector's clear pathway to achieving its goals. China's NDC lacks quantified data on food system sub-sectors. Climate Action Trackers' "Insufficient" rating indicates that China's domestic target for 2030 requires significant improvements to be consistent with the Paris Agreement's target of 1.5°C temperature limit. Some efforts are being made: for example, scientists from the Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (IEDA-CAAS) have developed methods for calculating GHG emissions from livestock and poultry farmers that have been published as an industrial standard by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, PRC (Prof Hongmin Dong, personal communication) but this still needs to be consolidated and linked to China’s NDC. The updated Nationally Determined Contributions fall short of quantifiable targets in agriculture and food systems as a whole, necessitating clear pathways. China's NDC is found to be heavily focused on a few sectors, including energy, transportation, and urban-rural development. The agricultural sectors' and food systems' targets are vague, and China's agrifood system has a large carbon footprint. As a result, China should focus on managing the food system (production, processing, transportation, and food waste management) to reduce carbon emissions. Furthermore, China should take additional measures to make its climate actions more comprehensive, quantifiable, and measurable, such as setting ambitious and clear targets for the agriculture sector, including activity-specific GHG-reduction pathways; prioritizing food waste and loss reduction and management; promoting sustainable livestock production and low carbon diets; reducing chemical pollution; minimizing the use of fossil fuel in the agri-system and focusing on developing green jobs, technological advancement and promoting climate-smart agriculture; promoting indigenous practices and locally led adaptation; restoring degraded agricultural soils and enhancing cooperation and private partnership. China should also prepare detailed NDC implementation plans including actions and the GHG reduction from conditional targets.

CIENCIAS AGROPECUARIAS Y BIOTECNOLOGÍA GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS CLIMATE CHANGE FOOD SYSTEMS LAND USE CHANGE AGRICULTURE POLICIES DATA ANALYSIS FOOD WASTES