Corales vivos: diseño editorial como medio de divulgación científica en San Miguel, Cozumel

VÍCTOR IVÁN MORENO RODRÍGUEZ (2023, [Otro, Trabajo terminal, especialidad])

La Isla de Cozumel ha sido un lugar de cambios. De ser una isla ritual y de relajación –culto a la

diosa Ixchel– a ser un atractivo turístico. Sin embargo, Cozumel no sólo es objeto de diversión y

relajación, también de una abundante vida científica que ha logrado desarrollarse y coexistir con

la comunidad, formando parte tanto de sus pobladores como de sus visitantes, atrayendo a mucha

gente, no solo por su belleza, sino por su biodiversidad y su quehacer científico.

Hasta mediados de los años cincuenta (1950), la Isla de Cozumel pudiera considerarse poco

explorada y explotada; si bien hay indicios de culturas como la maya que la habían poblado tiempo

atrás (900 D.C.), así como de la intervención española, incluso antes de la llegada de Cortés a

América (1518), solo unos cuántos nativos, descendientes de mestizos escapando de la guerra de

castas la habitaban y explotaban sus recursos con base en la pesca y comercialización del cedro

(Sánchez, 2020).

Se cree que sus playas comenzaron a popularizarse a raíz de las declaraciones del buzo y

oceanógrafo francés Jacques-Yves Cousteau, quien consideraba a Cozumel como uno de los

mejores lugares para ejercer el buceo, ya que sus aguas turquesas otorgaban las condiciones ideales

para la exploración marina, tanto profesional como recreativa. Particularmente, una de las cosas

que más destacaba de Cozumel eran los arrecifes de coral.

Desde principios de los años ochenta, los arrecifes de coral en todo el mundo se encuentran

en una carrera contra reloj por su supervivencia. En particular, la barrera de corales

mesoamericana, de la cual forma parte Cozumel, sufrió episodios importantes del denominado

blanqueamiento o bleaching en 1983, 1998 y 2005, ya que sufrió una pérdida de alrededor del

cincuenta por ciento de corales vivos (Wilkinson, 2008).

A grandes rasgos, esta afección provoca que el pólipo del coral, que es el tejido vivo de la

colonia, se estrese y se vuelva transparente, dejando ver la estructura blanca calcificada (de ahí el nombre). Sin embargo, si las condiciones óptimas se restablecen relativamente rápido, los pólipos,

que conforman la parte superficial y viva del coral, pueden sobrevivir.

Por otro lado, una afección más reciente es la Enfermedad de Pérdida de Tejido de Coral

Duro (Stony Coral Tissue Loss Disease o SCTLD por sus siglas en inglés), documentada

inicialmente en las costas de Florida en 2014 y que se confirmó en las costas de México en 2018.

Dicha enfermedad es similar al blanqueamiento y se puede confundir. No obstante, el SCTLD es

mortal para determinadas especies, algunas de gran importancia ecológica por ser constructoras de

arrecifes, como los corales cerebro (Pseudodiploria strigosa), el coral cuerno de alce (Acropora

Palmata) entre otros, pudiendo matar una colonia entera en cuestión de semanas. Desde 2018 a la

actualidad, esta enfermedad se ha logrado extender por toda la región sur de México, la cual forma

parte del Sistema Arrecifal Mesoamericano (SAM), que se extiende desde la Península de Yucatán

hasta Honduras.

CIENCIAS SOCIALES DEMOGRAFÍA

Uso potencial de pellets para el tratamiento de aguas contaminadas con arsénico en comunidades de Xichú, Gto., México

Pellets potential use for the treatment of contaminated water with arsenic in communities Xichú, Gto. Mexico

ALMA HORTENSIA SERAFIN MUÑOZ MELINA GUADALUPE MEDINA GARCIA FRANCISCO AGUSTIN VIDO GARCIA BERENICE NORIEGA LUNA ADRIAN ZAMORATEGUI MOLINA (2017, [Artículo])

En el presente trabajo se llevó a cabo el desarrollo del uso de pellets, provenientes de resi-duos lignocelulósicos, para el tratamiento de aguas contaminadas con arsénico de las comu-nidades del municipio de Xichú, Gto., México. Las muestras de agua, n = 72, se evaluaron con base en la NOM-127-SSA1-1994. La concentración más alta de arsénico fue arriba de los límites permisibles, 0.2 mg.L–1 ± 0.04 mg.L–1. Los pellets utilizados fueron a partir de aserrín, paja de trigo, agave y sorgo. Se optimizó la rampa de temperatura para la mejor consistencia de los pellets. Se realizaron varios diseños experimentales con los pellets, n = 162, a diferentes condiciones, para desarrollar el proceso de activación y tratamiento con Fe (III). Los pellets obtenidos fueron colocados en muestras de agua contaminadas con ar-sénico por 24 h. Se logró una remoción de arsénico a pH entre 6.5 a 7, del 98.50% ± 1.2%.

Present work was carried out development of use of pellets from lignocellulosic waste for arsenic-contaminated waters treatment in communities of the municipality of Xichu, Guanajuato, Mexico. Water samples, n = 72, were evaluated based on NOM-127-SSA1-1994.

The highest concentration of arsenic was above permissible limits, 0.2 mg.L–1 ± 0.04 mg.L–1. Pellets used were from sawdust, wheat straw, agave and sorghum. Temperature ramp to the best consistency of pellets is optimized. Several experimental designs with pellets were

performed,n = 162, in different conditions to develop activation process and treatment with Fe (III). Pellets obtained were placed in water samples contaminated with arsenic 24 h. Arsenic removal at pH between 6.5 to 7, of 98.50% ± 1.2% was achieved.

BIOLOGÍA Y QUÍMICA Arsénico Pellets Lignocelulósica Tecnologías sustentables Xichú, Gto. México Arsenic Lignocellulosic wastes Sustainable technologies

User manual: How to use Agvisely to generate climate service advisories for livestock in Bangladesh

T.S Amjath-Babu Timothy Joseph Krupnik (2023, [Libro])

The Agvisely digital service for livestock integrates location-specific meteorological forecasts generated by the Bangladesh Meteorological Department (BMD) with species specific biological thresholds for weather variables (Temperature, rainfall, and temperature-humidity index (THI). When a biological threshold is to be breached in next five days' forecast, the system automatically generates location-specific management advice for livestock farmers. Advisories are based on a decision tree developed by the Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute (BLRI) and CIMMYT. Agvisely is a smart phone app and web-based service developed by the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT) CIMMYT with the support of USAID, securing the Food Systems of Asian Mega- Deltas (AMD) for Climate and Livelihood Resilience and the Transforming Agrifood Systems in South Asia (TAFSSA) initiatives in collaboration with Bangladesh Dept. of Agricultural Extension (DAE) and Bangladesh Meteorological Department (BMD).

CIENCIAS AGROPECUARIAS Y BIOTECNOLOGÍA CLIMATE SERVICES LIVESTOCK DIGITAL TECHNOLOGY

Mapping crop and livestock value chain actors in Mbire and Murehwa districts in Zimbabwe

Hambulo Ngoma Moti Jaleta Frédéric Baudron (2023, [Documento de trabajo])

We conducted a preliminary value chain actors mapping for major crops grown and livestock kept by smallholder farmers in Mbire and Murehwa districts of Zimbabwe. Accordingly, in this report we mapped value chain actors for 11 crops and livestock commodities: namely, sorghum, cotton, sesame, maize, groundnut, sweet-potato, vegetables (tomato and onion), cattle, goats, poultry, and honey/beekeeping. Except sesame from Mbire, most of the crop and livestock commodities are channeled to the main markets in Harare and Marondera for Murehwa. Sesame is smuggled to Mozambique and the market is mainly dependent on middlemen. The Grain Market Board (GMB) is the major actor in sorghum and maize marketing in both districts. Groundnut is sold to both rural and urban consumers after processing it to peanut butter locally within the production zones. Goats and cattle are mostly supplied to the Harare market by middlemen collecting these livestock from village markets and moving door-to-door to buy enough quantity to transport to Harare. Honey production and marketing is still at its initial stage through the support of HELP from Germany and the Zimbabwe Apiculture Trust projects. Long dry season is a challenge in honey production. The Pfumvudza program supported by the Presidential free input scheme helped in introducing and scaling conservation agriculture practices in Zimbabwe. Though there is strong integration of crop-livestock systems at both districts, the level of manure use is gradually decreasing because farmers receive chemical fertilizer support from the Pfumvudza program and applying manure to crop fields is labor-intensive. The input supply system is more competitive in Murehwa district where there are quite several input suppliers in town. The possible interventions that favor agroecological transitions are: (1) honey processing plants and supply of beehives to potential areas, (2) encouraging manure use in crop production, possibly linking it to the basins preparation requirement to be eligible for the presidential input subsidy scheme, (3) support the organic vegetable production initiatives and explore market segments in Harare paying premium prices for certified organic products, (4) Expedite payment systems in sorghum and maize marketing with GMB, and (5) sesame production with agroecologically friendly agronomy and improve markets.

CIENCIAS AGROPECUARIAS Y BIOTECNOLOGÍA VALUE CHAINS CROPS LIVESTOCK SMALLHOLDERS SUPPLY CHAINS

Alternative cropping and feeding options to enhance sustainability of mixed crop-livestock farms in Bangladesh

Timothy Joseph Krupnik Jeroen Groot (2024, [Artículo])

We investigated alternative cropping and feeding options for large (>10 cows), medium (5–10 cows) and small (≤4 cows) mixed crop – livestock farm types, to enhance economic and environmental performance in Jhenaidha and Meherpur districts – locations with increasing dairy production – in south western Bangladesh. Following focus group discussions with farmers on constraints and opportunities, we collected baseline data from one representative farm from each farm size class per district (six in total) to parameterize the whole-farm model FarmDESIGN. The six modelled farms were subjected to Pareto-based multi-objective (differential evolution algorithm) optimization to generate alternative dairy farm and fodder configurations. The objectives were to maximize farm profit, soil organic matter balance, and feed self-reliance, in addition to minimizing feed costs and soil nitrogen losses as indicators of sustainability. The cropped areas of the six baseline farms ranged from 0.6 to 4.0 ha and milk production per cow was between 1,640 and 3,560 kg year−1. Feed self-reliance was low (17%–57%) and soil N losses were high (74–342 kg ha−1 year−1). Subsequent trade-off analysis showed that increasing profit and soil organic matter balance was associated with higher risks of N losses. However, we found opportunities to improve economic and environmental performance simultaneously. Feed self-reliance could be increased by intensifying cropping and substituting fallow periods with appropriate fodder crops. For the farm type with the largest opportunity space and room to manoeuvre, we identified four strategies. Three strategies could be economically and environmentally benign, showing different opportunities for farm development with locally available resources.

Ruminant Feed Pareto-Based Optimization Farm Bioeconomic Model CIENCIAS AGROPECUARIAS Y BIOTECNOLOGÍA RUMINANT FEEDING BIOECONOMIC MODELS MIXED CROPPING FARMS LIVESTOCK

Agricultural lime value chain efficiency for reducing soil acidity in Ethiopia

Moti Jaleta (2023, [Artículo])

Soil acidity is challenging agricultural production in Ethiopia. Above 43% of the farmland is under soil acidity problem and it leads to low crop yields and production losses. Ag-lime is widely considered as an effective remedy for amending soil acidity. This study assesses the current structure of ag-lime value chain and its functionality focusing on central parts of Ethiopia where lime is produced and channeled to acidity affected areas. The study uses Ethiopia as a case study and applies qualitative methods such as key informant interviews and focus group discussions to collect data from different actors in the ag-lime value chain. Key findings indicate that both public and private ag-lime producing factories are operating below their capacity. Due to limited enabling environments, the engagement of private sector in ag-lime value chain is minimal. In addition, farmers have a good awareness of soil acidity problem on their farms, and its causes and mitigation strategies in all regions. However, the adoption of ag-lime by smallholders was minimal. Overall, the current structure of the ag-lime value chain appears fragmented and needs improvement. Addressing soil acidity challenge through efficient ag-lime value chain could narrow lime supply-demand mismatches and increase widespread adoption by farmers to enhance crop productivity and food security in acidity-prone areas of the country.

CIENCIAS AGROPECUARIAS Y BIOTECNOLOGÍA LIMES PRODUCTION COSTS VALUE CHAINS SOIL PH

Not raised ‘to make big decisions’: young people’s agency and livelihoods in rural Pakistan

Patti Petesch Lone Badstue Dil Bahadur Rahut Akhter Ali (2022, [Artículo])

Social Norms Qualitative Research CIENCIAS AGROPECUARIAS Y BIOTECNOLOGÍA AGRICULTURE GENDER LIVELIHOODS SOCIOECONOMIC ASPECTS YOUTH AGENCIES

Estimating lime requirements for tropical soils: Model comparison and development

Fernando Aramburu Merlos João Vasco Silva Frédéric Baudron Robert Hijmans (2023, [Artículo])

Acid tropical soils may become more productive when treated with agricultural lime, but optimal lime rates have yet to be determined in many tropical regions. In these regions, lime rates can be estimated with lime requirement models based on widely available soil data. We reviewed seven of these models and introduced a new model (LiTAS). We evaluated the models’ ability to predict the amount of lime needed to reach a target change in soil chemical properties with data from four soil incubation studies covering 31 soil types. Two foundational models, one targeting acidity saturation and the other targeting base saturation, were more accurate than the five models that were derived from them, while the LiTAS model was the most accurate. The models were used to estimate lime requirements for 303 African soil samples. We found large differences in the estimated lime rates depending on the target soil chemical property of the model. Therefore, an important first step in formulating liming recommendations is to clearly identify the soil property of interest and the target value that needs to be reached. While the LiTAS model can be useful for strategic research, more information on acidity-related problems other than aluminum toxicity is needed to comprehensively assess the benefits of liming.

Exchangeable Acidity Aluminum Saturation Calcium Carbonate Equivalent CIENCIAS AGROPECUARIAS Y BIOTECNOLOGÍA CHEMICOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES LIMES TROPICAL ZONES ACID SOILS ALUMINIUM BASE SATURATION CALCIUM CARBONATE

Agricultural value chains in Sudan: an annotated bibliography

Hugo De Groote Paswel Marenya (2023, [Libro])

CIENCIAS AGROPECUARIAS Y BIOTECNOLOGÍA AGRICULTURAL VALUE CHAINS CASH CROPS FOOD CROPS LIVESTOCK SOCIOECONOMIC ASPECTS GENDER SOCIAL INCLUSION POSTHARVEST LOSSES BIBLIOGRAPHIES

Systematic Literature Review on Smart Specialization: Future Prospects and Opportunities

Beatriz Rosas Michael Demmler (2023, [Artículo])

"Smart specialisation (SS) has been the new cohesion policy in the European Union during the last two periods. The present study aims to analyse the most relevant existing state-of-the-art literature on smart specialisation through a systematic and bibliometric review. Using the Web of Science bibliographic database, we analysed the content of 207 articles under the TCCM methodology and constructed a network of citations in order to summarize theories, characteristics, context and methods presented in existing studies on the topic. Our results show the theoretical and methodological gaps of the past, such as Entrepreneurial Discovery Process and SS indicators. These remain to the present day. The context analysis showed that the scope of smart specialisation extended beyond the frontiers of the European Union, given how it has been adopted by other countries as well. These results suggest the importance of developing a more robust theoretical, conceptual and methodological framework. Consequently, the guides need to be more accurate and should be continuously updated. Our results are valuable for the EDP actors and have policymaking implications".

Especialización inteligente Estrategias de innovación regional Revisión de literatura sistemática Métodos de especialización inteligente Smart specialization Smart specialization methods CIENCIAS SOCIALES CIENCIAS SOCIALES