Review of Nationally Determined Contributions (NCD) of Kenya from the perspective of food systems

Tek Sapkota (2023, [Documento de trabajo])

Agriculture is one of the fundamental pillars of the 2022–2027 Bottom-up Economic Transformation Plan of the Government of Kenya for tackling complex domestic and global challenges. Kenya's food system is crucial for climate change mitigation and adaptation. Kenya has prioritized aspects of agriculture, food, and land use as critical sectors for reducing emissions towards achieving Vision 2030's transformation to a low-carbon, climate-resilient development pathway. Kenya's updated NDC, as well as supporting mitigation and adaptation technical analysis reports and other policy documents, has identified an ambitious set of agroecological transformative measures to promote climate-smart agriculture, regenerative approaches, and nature-positive solutions. Kenya is committed to implementing and updating its National Climate Change Action Plans (NCCAPs) to present and achieve the greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reduction targets and resilience outcomes that it has identified.

CIENCIAS AGROPECUARIAS Y BIOTECNOLOGÍA CLIMATE CHANGE GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS FOOD SYSTEMS LAND USE CHANGE AGRICULTURE POLICIES DATA ANALYSIS FOOD WASTES

Desarrollo de metodologías de laboratorio para la detección de contaminantes emergentes y su identificación en cuerpos de agua (agua sedimento) y en aguas residuales (en influente, efluente y los de PTAR)

MARTHA AVILÉS FLORES GABRIELA ELEONORA MOELLER CHAVEZ NORMA RAMIREZ SALINAS (2012, [Documento de trabajo])

El presente trabajo consiste, en la implementación de metodologías de: microcistina LR por cromatografía de ultra alta resolución; nonilfenol por cromatografía gases espectrometría de masas y surfactantes por espectrofotometría de ultravioleta visible. El proyecto presente tiene además la validación de las metodologías de análisis de fármacos (Amoxicilina, Gemfibrozil, Acido Clofíbrico) y Hormonas (Estrona, 17 ß-estradiol, α-etinil estradiol) con muestras reales en la Cuenca Balsas en épocas de estiaje y de lluvias, específicamente en el río Atoyac uno de los ríos más importantes y donde se desarrollan una variada gama de actividades, evaluándose la probable presencia de fármacos en los sistemas de tratamiento de agua residual en influente y efluente.

Informes de proyectos Análisis del agua Cromatografía de gases Espectrometría de masa Contaminantes emergentes Tratamiento de aguas residuales Río Atoyac, Puebla Río Atoyac, Tlaxcala INGENIERÍA Y TECNOLOGÍA

Desarrollo de metodologías por cromatografía de gases para la identificación y cuantificación de compuestos orgánicos clorados en aguas residuales y municipales

MARTHA AVILÉS FLORES NORMA RAMIREZ SALINAS (2011, [Documento de trabajo])

Introducción – Fuentes de contaminantes emergentes – Fuentes puntuales – Fuentes no puntuales – Problemática de los fármacos en aguas residuales – Compuestos farmacéuticos reguladores de lípidos – Fármacos veterinarios – Objetivo – Metodología – Implementación de las metodologías – Resultados – Discusión – Conclusiones – Anexos – Bibliografía.

Industria farmacéutica Cromatografía de gases Compuestos orgánicos clorados Contaminantes emergentes Fuentes puntuales de contaminación Fuentes no puntuales de contaminación Informes de proyectos INGENIERÍA Y TECNOLOGÍA

Sustainable maize intensification through site-specific nutrient management advice: Experimental evidence from Nigeria

Miet Maertens Oyakhilomen Oyinbo Tahirou Abdoulaye Jordan Chamberlin (2023, [Artículo])

There is growing evidence on the impacts of site-specific nutrient management (SSNM) from Asia. The evidence for Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), where SSNM developments are more recent and where conditions concerning soil fertility and fertilizer use differ importantly from those in Asia, is extremely scarce. We evaluate a SSNM advisory tool that allows extension agents to generate fertilizer recommendations tailored to the specific situation of an individual farmer’s field, using a three-year randomized controlled trial with 792 smallholder farmers in the maize belt of northern Nigeria. Two treatment arms were implemented: T1 and T2 both provide SSNM information on nutrient use and management, but T2 provides additional information on maize price distributions and the associated variability of expected returns to fertilizer use. We estimate average and heterogenous intent-to-treat effects on agronomic, economic and environmental plot-level outcomes. We find that T1 and T2 lead to substantial increases (up to 116%) in the adoption of good fertilizer management practices and T2 leads to incremental increases (up to 18%) in nutrient application rates, yields and revenues. Both treatments improve low levels of nutrient use efficiency and reduce high levels of greenhouse gas emission intensity, after two years of treatment. Our findings underscore the possibility of a more gradual and sustainable intensification of smallholder agriculture in SSA, as compared with the Asian Green Revolution, through increased fertilizer use accompanied by improved fertilizer management.

Randomized Controlled Trial CIENCIAS AGROPECUARIAS Y BIOTECNOLOGÍA TECHNOLOGY ADOPTION AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION GREEN REVOLUTION FERTILIZERS GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS

MEZCAL Y PODER: DESIGUALDADES Y VIOLENCIAS DE GÉNERO EN EL CONTEXTO DE LOGOCHE

Laura Carolina Vázquez Vargas (2023, [Tesis de maestría])

“La presente investigación se centra en el análisis de las desigualdades y violencias de género que presentan las mujeres que participan en la producción de mezcal, en la comunidad de Logoche, ubicada en el Distrito de Miahuatlán de Porfirio Díaz, Sierra Sur de Oaxaca. A partir del boom del mezcal, fenómeno económico ocasionado por la alta demanda de esta bebida, los pueblos productores de mezcal han experimentado transformaciones en el orden de género al interior de sus comunidades. Este trabajo se enfoca en analizar las desigualdades, desde un horizonte conceptual formado por corrientes teóricas feministas, respecto al uso del tiempo, la autonomía económica, la salud y la pobreza; así como las violencias dirigidas hacia las mujeres como física, psicológica, económica, emocional, sexual, los estigmas sociales y chismes como forma de control social ejercidos a ciertos grupos de mujeres como las madres autónomas. Asimismo, se realizó una revisión de las estrategias de resistencia que las mujeres de Logoche, han implementado a lo largo del tiempo, considerando la importancia de pensar a las mujeres como sujetas con agencia, que han resistido a dichas desigualdades y violencias de género estructurales, externas e internas en este pueblo productor de mezcal”.

Mujeres rurales - México - Logoche, Oaxaca. Mujeres campesinas - Oaxaca - Logoche. Mujeres indígenas - Violencia contra - México - Logoche (Oaxaca). Mezcal - Productos. Mezcal - Producción. Mezcal - Aspectos sociales - México - Logoche (Oaxaca). Tesis - Maestría en Antropología Social, Pacífico Sur. CIENCIAS SOCIALES SOCIOLOGÍA GRUPOS SOCIALES POSICIÓN SOCIAL DE LA MUJER POSICIÓN SOCIAL DE LA MUJER

Agua y cambio climático

RENE LOBATO SANCHEZ (2018, [Libro])

El objetivo de este estudio es realizar una estimación preliminar de los gases de efecto invernadero generados por los habitantes de las cabeceras municipales que conforman la cuenca del río Apatlaco, en el estado de Morelos para el periodo 2015-2017, para establecer una línea base. Los diez municipios que conforman la cuenca son: Huitzilac, Cuernavaca, Jiutepec, Temixco, Emiliano Zapata, Xochitepec, Jojutla, Tlaltizapán, Puente de Ixtla y Zacatepec.

Cambio climático Recursos hídricos Riesgos ambientales Gases efecto invernadero Aguas residuales CIENCIAS FÍSICO MATEMÁTICAS Y CIENCIAS DE LA TIERRA

Estudio de los flujos de gases de efecto invernadero (GEI) en el embalse de Valle de Bravo

ANNE MARGRETHE HANSEN HANSEN AXEL FALCON ROJAS Luis Alberto Bravo-Inclán XOCHITL PEÑALOZA RUEDA ARTURO LOPEZ ZUÑIGA Rubén Ignacio Huerto-Delgadillo EDSON BALTAZAR ESTRADA ARRIAGA JUAN GABRIEL GARCIA MALDONADO (2017, [Documento de trabajo])

Con el propósito de evaluar la contribución de los embalses del país en la emisión de gases de efecto invernadero, se seleccionó al embalse Valle de Bravo, en el Estado de México como caso de estudio. Se realizó una caracterización detallada de la cuenca Valle de Bravo considerando a los elementos del medio biofísico con mayor impacto en el proceso de erosión y de la producción de sedimentos en la cuenca como son geología, geomorfología, suelos, uso del suelo, precipitación, temperatura, hidrología principalmente, y con ello establecer la situación actual de la misma en lo relativo a su medio natural. Asimismo se realizó la caracterización de la calidad del agua en la columna de agua del embalse.

Embalses Gases efecto invernadero Impacto ambiental INGENIERÍA Y TECNOLOGÍA

Identificación de compuestos orgánicos emergentes: desarrollo e implementación de metodologías para análisis por cromatografía de líquidos o gases

MARTHA AVILÉS FLORES NORMA RAMIREZ SALINAS (2011, [Documento de trabajo])

Las sustancias activas de los fármacos son una clase nueva de los así llamados contaminantes emergentes que se han incrementado en los últimos años. Las drogas veterinarias y humanas son continuamente liberadas en el ambiente como resultado de los procesos de fabricación, la disposición de productos no usados o expirados y en las excretas. La cantidad de fármacos y sus metabolitos bioactivos está siendo introducida al ambiente en pequeñas cantidades. Sin embargo, su continua introducción puede conducir a altas concentraciones a largo plazo y de forma continua, pero los efectos adversos no han pasado inadvertidos en los organismos acuáticos y terrestres. Dado la potencial peligrosidad de los fármacos en el medio ambiente, se requiere de metodologías analíticas capaces de determinar dichos compuestos a niveles traza, razón por la cual en el presente trabajo se implementa y valida la determinación de los fármacos amoxicilina, diclofenaco mediante cromatografía de líquidos y hormonas tales como 17ß-estradiol y el 17α-etinilestradiol, acetato de 17ß-estradiol y estrona, en agua potable y agua residual mediante cromatografía de gases y extracción en fase sólida.

Compuestos orgánicos Contaminantes emergentes Cromatografía de gases Cromatografía de líquidos INGENIERÍA Y TECNOLOGÍA

Review of Nationally Determined Contributions (NCD) of China from the perspective of food systems

Tek Sapkota (2023, [Documento de trabajo])

China is the largest emitter of greenhouse gases (GHG) and one of the countries most affected by climate change. China's food systems are a major contributor to climate change: in 2018, China's food systems emitted 1.09 billion tons of carbondioxide equivalent (CO2eq) GHGs, accounting for 8.2% of total national GHG emissions and 2% of global emissions. According to the Third National Communication (TNC) Report, in 2010, GHG emissions from energy, industrial processes, agriculture, and waste accounted for 78.6%, 12.3%, 7.9%, and 1.2% of total emissions, respectively, (excluding emissions from land use, land-use change and forestry (LULUCF). Total GHG emissions from the waste sector in 2010 were 132 Mt CO2 eq, with municipal solid waste landfills accounting for 56 Mt. The average temperature in China has risen by 1.1°C over the last century (1908–2007), while nationally averaged precipitation amounts have increased significantly over the last 50 years. The sea level and sea surface temperature have risen by 90 mm and 0.9°C respectively in the last 30 years. A regional climate model predicted an annual mean temperature increase of 1.3–2.1°C by 2020 (2.3–3.3°C by 2050), while another model predicted a 1–1.6°C temperature increase and a 3.3–3.7 percent increase in precipitation between 2011 and 2020, depending on the emissions scenario. By 2030, sea level rise along coastal areas could be 0.01–0.16 meters, increasing the likelihood of flooding and intensified storm surges and causing the degradation of wetlands, mangroves, and coral reefs. Addressing climate change is a common human cause, and China places a high value on combating climate change. Climate change has been incorporated into national economic and social development plans, with equal emphasis on mitigation and adaptation to climate change, including an updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) in 2021. The following overarching targets are included in China's updated NDC: • Peaking carbon dioxide emissions “before 2030” and achieving carbon neutrality before 2060. • Lowering carbon intensity by “over 65%” by 2030 from the 2005 level. • Increasing forest stock volume by around 6 billion cubic meters in 2030 from the 2005 level. The targets have come from several commitments made at various events, while China has explained very well the process adopted to produce its third national communication report. An examination of China's NDC reveals that it has failed to establish quantifiable and measurable targets in the agricultural sectors. According to the analysis of the breakdown of food systems and their inclusion in the NDC, the majority of food system activities are poorly mentioned. China's interventions or ambitions in this sector have received very little attention. The adaptation component is mentioned in the NDC, but is not found to be sector-specific or comprehensive. A few studies have rated the Chinese NDC as insufficient, one of the reasons being its failure to list the breakdown of each sector's clear pathway to achieving its goals. China's NDC lacks quantified data on food system sub-sectors. Climate Action Trackers' "Insufficient" rating indicates that China's domestic target for 2030 requires significant improvements to be consistent with the Paris Agreement's target of 1.5°C temperature limit. Some efforts are being made: for example, scientists from the Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (IEDA-CAAS) have developed methods for calculating GHG emissions from livestock and poultry farmers that have been published as an industrial standard by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, PRC (Prof Hongmin Dong, personal communication) but this still needs to be consolidated and linked to China’s NDC. The updated Nationally Determined Contributions fall short of quantifiable targets in agriculture and food systems as a whole, necessitating clear pathways. China's NDC is found to be heavily focused on a few sectors, including energy, transportation, and urban-rural development. The agricultural sectors' and food systems' targets are vague, and China's agrifood system has a large carbon footprint. As a result, China should focus on managing the food system (production, processing, transportation, and food waste management) to reduce carbon emissions. Furthermore, China should take additional measures to make its climate actions more comprehensive, quantifiable, and measurable, such as setting ambitious and clear targets for the agriculture sector, including activity-specific GHG-reduction pathways; prioritizing food waste and loss reduction and management; promoting sustainable livestock production and low carbon diets; reducing chemical pollution; minimizing the use of fossil fuel in the agri-system and focusing on developing green jobs, technological advancement and promoting climate-smart agriculture; promoting indigenous practices and locally led adaptation; restoring degraded agricultural soils and enhancing cooperation and private partnership. China should also prepare detailed NDC implementation plans including actions and the GHG reduction from conditional targets.

CIENCIAS AGROPECUARIAS Y BIOTECNOLOGÍA GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS CLIMATE CHANGE FOOD SYSTEMS LAND USE CHANGE AGRICULTURE POLICIES DATA ANALYSIS FOOD WASTES

Agricultural emissions reduction potential by improving technical efficiency in crop production

Arun Khatri-Chhetri Tek Sapkota sofina maharjan Paresh Shirsath (2023, [Artículo])

CONTEXT: Global and national agricultural development policies normally tend to focus more on enhancing farm productivity through technological changes than on better use of existing technologies. The role of improving technical efficiency in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions reduction from crop production is the least explored area in the agricultural sector. But improving technical efficiency is necessary in the context of the limited availability of existing natural resources (particularly land and water) and the need for GHG emission reduction from the agriculture sector. Technical efficiency gains in the production process are linked with the amount of input used nd the cost of production that determines both economic and environmental gains from the better use of existing technologies. OBJECTIVE: To assess a relationship between technical efficiency and GHG emissions and test the hypothesis that improving technical efficiency reduces GHG emissions from crop production. METHODS: This study used input-output data collected from 10,689 rice farms and 5220 wheat farms across India to estimate technical efficiency, global warming potential, and emission intensity (GHG emissions per unit of crop production) under the existing crop production practices. The GHG emissions from rice and wheat production were estimated using the CCAFS Mitigation Options Tool (CCAFS-MOT) and the technical efficiency of production was estimated through a stochastic production frontier analysis. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Results suggest that improving technical efficiency in crop production can reduce emission intensity but not necessarily total emissions. Moreover, our analysis does not support smallholders tend to be technically less efficient and the emissions per unit of food produced by smallholders can be relatively high. Alarge proportion of smallholders have high technical efficiency, less total GHG emissions, and low emissions intensity. This study indicates the levels of technical efficiency and GHG emission are largely influenced by farming typology, i.e. choice and use of existing technologies and management practices in crop cultivation. SIGNIFICANCE: This study will help to promote existing improved technologies targeting GHG emissions reduction from the agriculture production systems.

Technical Efficiency Interventions CIENCIAS AGROPECUARIAS Y BIOTECNOLOGÍA MITIGATION PRODUCTIVITY CROP PRODUCTION GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS