Preparing for, coping with and bouncing back after shocks. A nuanced resilience assessment for smallholder farms and farmers in Northern Ghana

Mirja Michalscheck Fred Kizito Carl Timler Jeroen Groot (2023, [Artículo])

Whole-Farm Model Health Shock CIENCIAS AGROPECUARIAS Y BIOTECNOLOGÍA SUSTAINABLE INTENSIFICATION VULNERABILITY SMALLHOLDERS LANDSCAPE TECHNOLOGY

Los programas de medicina de precisión y los desafíos para la gestión de la salud pública

Guillermo Foladori Guillermo Foladori (2023, [Artículo, Artículo])

Varios países iniciaron programas para el desarrollo de medicina de precisión. Con miles o millones de datos de salud, priorizando los mapas genéticos, mediante inteligencia artificial se elaboran algoritmos que identifican subpoblaciones con susceptibilidad a determinadas enfermedades para luego establecer la correspondencia farmacogenómica con las medicinas adecuadas. Este artículo realiza una acotada caracterización de esta propuesta y sistematiza aspectos críticos para su implementación desde una perspectiva de salud pública. Dados los argumentos expuestos, resulta probable que la medicina personalizada lleve a una mayor desigualdad entre países y regiones y al interior de los diferentes sectores sociales.

Medicina de precisión Inteligencia artificial Farmacogenómica Tendencias socioeconómicas CIENCIAS SOCIALES; INGENIERÍA Y TECNOLOGÍA; MEDICINA Y CIENCIAS DE LA SALUD CIENCIAS SOCIALES INGENIERÍA Y TECNOLOGÍA MEDICINA Y CIENCIAS DE LA SALUD

La enfermedad por coronavirus (COVID-19) y la iniciativa de excepción de los derechos de patente de las vacunas: oportunidades para México

Aradit Castellanos Vera Víctor Hugo Flores Delgado (2022, [Artículo])

"En este trabajo damos una visión general de la iniciativa que propone la excepción de los derechos de patente de las vacunas contra el virus de la COVID-19, del escenario de crisis global en la que surgió, así como de los principales argumentos de la controversia que la envuelve. En ese contexto analizamos y discutimos las medidas adoptadas por México para el aprovisionamiento de vacunas y las posibles oportunidades que esta iniciativa le brinda."

"In this paper we give an overview of the initiative that proposes the exception of patent rights for vaccines against the COVID-19, the global crisis scenario in which it arose, as well as the main arguments of the controversy that surrounds it. In this context, we analyze and discuss the measures adopted by Mexico for the supply of vaccines and the possible opportunities that this initiative offers."

excepción de patentes, vacunas, COVID-19, México patents waiver, vaccines, COVID-19, México MEDICINA Y CIENCIAS DE LA SALUD CIENCIAS MÉDICAS FARMACOLOGÍA NORMALIZACIÓN DE LOS MEDICAMENTOS NORMALIZACIÓN DE LOS MEDICAMENTOS

Modelación hidráulica de un reactor de electrocoagulación tubular de sección anular

JAVIER DE JESUS CANTO RIOS Alejandra Martín-Domínguez Sara Pérez-Castrejón VICTOR HUGO ALCOCER YAMANAKA Velitchko Tzatchkov (2017, [Artículo])

El presente trabajo se enfoca en el estudio de las pérdidas de carga totales en un reactor de electrocoagulación con flujo a presión y sección transversal anular simple y múltiple, donde esta última característica depende del arreglo de los electrodos. Se presenta el análisis de las pérdidas de carga por cortante y accesorios, las cuales se modelaron utilizando diferentes expresiones empíricas y se compararon con las mediciones realizadas a escala semipiloto. Como resultado del análisis se observó que la ecuación de Bahramir, Yovanovich y Culham (2006) asemeja las pérdidas reales en secciones anulares múltiples, mientras que la expresión propuesta por Davis describe mejor la sección anular simple. Estos resultados permitirán tener herramientas para diseñar reactores de electrocoagulación a escala real.

Electrocoagulación Modelación Pérdidas de carga hidráulica Secciones anulares INGENIERÍA Y TECNOLOGÍA

Multicriteria assessment of alternative cropping systems at farm level. A case with maize on family farms of South East Asia

Santiago Lopez-Ridaura (2023, [Artículo])

CONTEXT: Integration of farms into markets with adoption of maize as a cash crop can significantly increase income of farms of the developing world. However, in some cases, the income generated may still be very low and maize production may also have strong negative environmental and social impacts. OBJECTIVE: Maize production in northern Laos is taken as a case to study how far can farms' performance be improved with improved crop management of maize with the following changes at field level: good timing and optimal soil preparation and sowing, allowing optimal crop establishment and low weed infestation. METHODS: We compared different farm types' performance on locally relevant criteria and indicators embodying the three pillars of sustainability (environmental, economic and social). An integrated assessment approach was combined with direct measurement of indicators in farmers' fields to assess eleven criteria of local farm sustainability. A bio-economic farm model was used for scenario assessment in which changes in crop management and the economic environment of farms were compared to present situation. The farm model was based on mathematical programming maximizing income under constraints related to i) household composition, initial cash and rice stocks and land type, and ii) seasonal balances of cash, labour and food. The crop management scenarios were built based on a diagnosis of the causes of variations in the agronomic and environmental performances of cropping systems, carried out in farmers' fields. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Our study showed that moderate changes in crop management on maize would improve substantially farm performance on 4 to 6 criteria out of the 11 assessed, depending on farm types. The improved crop management of maize had a high economic attractiveness for every farm type simulated (low, medium and high resource endowed farms) even at simulated production costs more than doubling current costs of farmers' practices. However, while an improvement of the systems performance was attained in terms of agricultural productivity, income generation, work and ease of work, herbicide leaching, improved soil quality and nitrogen balance, trade-offs were identified with other indicators such as erosion control and cash outflow needed at the beginning of the cropping season. SIGNIFICANCE: Using farm modelling for multicriteria assessment of current and improved maize cropping systems for contrasted farm types helped capture main opportunities and constraints on local farm sustainability, and assess the trade-offs that new options at field level may generate at farm level.

Bio-Economic Farm Model Smallholder Farms CIENCIAS AGROPECUARIAS Y BIOTECNOLOGÍA CASH CROPS INDICATORS SMALLHOLDERS CROPPING SYSTEMS MAIZE

Alternative cropping and feeding options to enhance sustainability of mixed crop-livestock farms in Bangladesh

Timothy Joseph Krupnik Jeroen Groot (2024, [Artículo])

We investigated alternative cropping and feeding options for large (>10 cows), medium (5–10 cows) and small (≤4 cows) mixed crop – livestock farm types, to enhance economic and environmental performance in Jhenaidha and Meherpur districts – locations with increasing dairy production – in south western Bangladesh. Following focus group discussions with farmers on constraints and opportunities, we collected baseline data from one representative farm from each farm size class per district (six in total) to parameterize the whole-farm model FarmDESIGN. The six modelled farms were subjected to Pareto-based multi-objective (differential evolution algorithm) optimization to generate alternative dairy farm and fodder configurations. The objectives were to maximize farm profit, soil organic matter balance, and feed self-reliance, in addition to minimizing feed costs and soil nitrogen losses as indicators of sustainability. The cropped areas of the six baseline farms ranged from 0.6 to 4.0 ha and milk production per cow was between 1,640 and 3,560 kg year−1. Feed self-reliance was low (17%–57%) and soil N losses were high (74–342 kg ha−1 year−1). Subsequent trade-off analysis showed that increasing profit and soil organic matter balance was associated with higher risks of N losses. However, we found opportunities to improve economic and environmental performance simultaneously. Feed self-reliance could be increased by intensifying cropping and substituting fallow periods with appropriate fodder crops. For the farm type with the largest opportunity space and room to manoeuvre, we identified four strategies. Three strategies could be economically and environmentally benign, showing different opportunities for farm development with locally available resources.

Ruminant Feed Pareto-Based Optimization Farm Bioeconomic Model CIENCIAS AGROPECUARIAS Y BIOTECNOLOGÍA RUMINANT FEEDING BIOECONOMIC MODELS MIXED CROPPING FARMS LIVESTOCK

Neyman-Scott-based water distribution network modelling

Modelación de redes de agua potable basado en el proceso de Neyman-Scott

VICTOR HUGO ALCOCER YAMANAKA Velitchko Tzatchkov (2012, [Artículo])

Uno de los parámetros más difíciles de estimar al modelar las redes de distribución de agua potable es el del consumo doméstico. Se ha demostrado que este sigue un proceso estocástico posible de caracterizar a través de pulsos rectangulares, con ciertas intensidad, duración y frecuencia de arribo, por medio de esquemas estocásticos como el modelo de pulsos rectangulares de Neyman-Scott (NSRPM). El esquema NSRPM se basa en la solución de un problema de optimización no lineal que involucra momentos teóricos de las series sintéticas (equiprobables) y los momentos observados (mediciones de campo). Se ha publicado la metodología, así como trabajos orientados a la generación de la demanda en los domicilios, sin embargo, no su validación en una red de distribución real, con la conjunción y agregación de las demandas de los domicilios, y su comparación con los métodos tradicionales. En el presente artículo se comparan resultados obtenidos empleando series sintéticas con carácter estocástico, producto del esquema NSRPM aplicado a la determinación de presiones y caudales, con los obtenidos por el método tradicional que utiliza curva de variación horaria de la demanda, y con mediciones de presión y caudal hechas en el sector Humaya, en Culiacán, Sinaloa, México.

Distribución de agua Demanda de agua Consumo doméstico de agua Modelación INGENIERÍA Y TECNOLOGÍA

Testing innovations for adoption of newer and more adapted maize varieties

Michael Ndegwa Pieter Rutsaert Jason Donovan Jordan Chamberlin (2023, [Objeto de congreso])

Changing Production Conditions Genetic Innovations Maize Hybrids CIENCIAS AGROPECUARIAS Y BIOTECNOLOGÍA TESTING MAIZE VARIETIES YIELDS FARMERS EXPERIMENTATION

Sustainability assessment of vegetables farms in Benin: preliminary results

Sylvanus Odjo (2023, [Objeto de congreso])

CIENCIAS AGROPECUARIAS Y BIOTECNOLOGÍA SUSTAINABILITY ASSESSMENT VEGETABLES STAPLE FOODS AGRIFOOD SYSTEMS FRUITS FARMERS

Facilitating mechanization for sustainable intensification using service provider models: lessons from the global south

Md Abdul Matin (2023, [Objeto de congreso])

CIENCIAS AGROPECUARIAS Y BIOTECNOLOGÍA SUSTAINABLE INTENSIFICATION MECHANIZATION ENTERPRISES FARMERS