Review of Nationally Determined Contributions (NCD) of China from the perspective of food systems

Tek Sapkota (2023, [Documento de trabajo])

China is the largest emitter of greenhouse gases (GHG) and one of the countries most affected by climate change. China's food systems are a major contributor to climate change: in 2018, China's food systems emitted 1.09 billion tons of carbondioxide equivalent (CO2eq) GHGs, accounting for 8.2% of total national GHG emissions and 2% of global emissions. According to the Third National Communication (TNC) Report, in 2010, GHG emissions from energy, industrial processes, agriculture, and waste accounted for 78.6%, 12.3%, 7.9%, and 1.2% of total emissions, respectively, (excluding emissions from land use, land-use change and forestry (LULUCF). Total GHG emissions from the waste sector in 2010 were 132 Mt CO2 eq, with municipal solid waste landfills accounting for 56 Mt. The average temperature in China has risen by 1.1°C over the last century (1908–2007), while nationally averaged precipitation amounts have increased significantly over the last 50 years. The sea level and sea surface temperature have risen by 90 mm and 0.9°C respectively in the last 30 years. A regional climate model predicted an annual mean temperature increase of 1.3–2.1°C by 2020 (2.3–3.3°C by 2050), while another model predicted a 1–1.6°C temperature increase and a 3.3–3.7 percent increase in precipitation between 2011 and 2020, depending on the emissions scenario. By 2030, sea level rise along coastal areas could be 0.01–0.16 meters, increasing the likelihood of flooding and intensified storm surges and causing the degradation of wetlands, mangroves, and coral reefs. Addressing climate change is a common human cause, and China places a high value on combating climate change. Climate change has been incorporated into national economic and social development plans, with equal emphasis on mitigation and adaptation to climate change, including an updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) in 2021. The following overarching targets are included in China's updated NDC: • Peaking carbon dioxide emissions “before 2030” and achieving carbon neutrality before 2060. • Lowering carbon intensity by “over 65%” by 2030 from the 2005 level. • Increasing forest stock volume by around 6 billion cubic meters in 2030 from the 2005 level. The targets have come from several commitments made at various events, while China has explained very well the process adopted to produce its third national communication report. An examination of China's NDC reveals that it has failed to establish quantifiable and measurable targets in the agricultural sectors. According to the analysis of the breakdown of food systems and their inclusion in the NDC, the majority of food system activities are poorly mentioned. China's interventions or ambitions in this sector have received very little attention. The adaptation component is mentioned in the NDC, but is not found to be sector-specific or comprehensive. A few studies have rated the Chinese NDC as insufficient, one of the reasons being its failure to list the breakdown of each sector's clear pathway to achieving its goals. China's NDC lacks quantified data on food system sub-sectors. Climate Action Trackers' "Insufficient" rating indicates that China's domestic target for 2030 requires significant improvements to be consistent with the Paris Agreement's target of 1.5°C temperature limit. Some efforts are being made: for example, scientists from the Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (IEDA-CAAS) have developed methods for calculating GHG emissions from livestock and poultry farmers that have been published as an industrial standard by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, PRC (Prof Hongmin Dong, personal communication) but this still needs to be consolidated and linked to China’s NDC. The updated Nationally Determined Contributions fall short of quantifiable targets in agriculture and food systems as a whole, necessitating clear pathways. China's NDC is found to be heavily focused on a few sectors, including energy, transportation, and urban-rural development. The agricultural sectors' and food systems' targets are vague, and China's agrifood system has a large carbon footprint. As a result, China should focus on managing the food system (production, processing, transportation, and food waste management) to reduce carbon emissions. Furthermore, China should take additional measures to make its climate actions more comprehensive, quantifiable, and measurable, such as setting ambitious and clear targets for the agriculture sector, including activity-specific GHG-reduction pathways; prioritizing food waste and loss reduction and management; promoting sustainable livestock production and low carbon diets; reducing chemical pollution; minimizing the use of fossil fuel in the agri-system and focusing on developing green jobs, technological advancement and promoting climate-smart agriculture; promoting indigenous practices and locally led adaptation; restoring degraded agricultural soils and enhancing cooperation and private partnership. China should also prepare detailed NDC implementation plans including actions and the GHG reduction from conditional targets.

CIENCIAS AGROPECUARIAS Y BIOTECNOLOGÍA GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS CLIMATE CHANGE FOOD SYSTEMS LAND USE CHANGE AGRICULTURE POLICIES DATA ANALYSIS FOOD WASTES

Review of Nationally Determined Contributions (NCD) of Kenya from the perspective of food systems

Tek Sapkota (2023, [Documento de trabajo])

Agriculture is one of the fundamental pillars of the 2022–2027 Bottom-up Economic Transformation Plan of the Government of Kenya for tackling complex domestic and global challenges. Kenya's food system is crucial for climate change mitigation and adaptation. Kenya has prioritized aspects of agriculture, food, and land use as critical sectors for reducing emissions towards achieving Vision 2030's transformation to a low-carbon, climate-resilient development pathway. Kenya's updated NDC, as well as supporting mitigation and adaptation technical analysis reports and other policy documents, has identified an ambitious set of agroecological transformative measures to promote climate-smart agriculture, regenerative approaches, and nature-positive solutions. Kenya is committed to implementing and updating its National Climate Change Action Plans (NCCAPs) to present and achieve the greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reduction targets and resilience outcomes that it has identified.

CIENCIAS AGROPECUARIAS Y BIOTECNOLOGÍA CLIMATE CHANGE GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS FOOD SYSTEMS LAND USE CHANGE AGRICULTURE POLICIES DATA ANALYSIS FOOD WASTES

Non-autonomous Ginzburg-Landau solitons using the He-Li mapping method

MAXIMINO PEREZ MALDONADO Haret Codratian Rosu ELIZABETH FLORES GARDUÑO (2022, [Artículo])

"We find and discuss the non-autonomous soliton solutions in the case of variable nonlinearity and dispersion implied by the Ginzburg-Landau equation with variable coefficients. In this work we obtain non-autonomous Ginzburg-Landau solitons from the standard autonomous Ginzburg-Landau soliton solutions using a simplified version of the He-Li mapping. We find soliton pulses of both arbitrary and fixed amplitudes in terms of a function constrained by a single condition involving the nonlinearity and the dispersion of the medium. This is important because it can be used as a tool for the parametric manipulation of these non-autonomous solitons. "

Nonlinear Ginzburg-Landau Equation Non-Autonomous Solitons CIENCIAS FÍSICO MATEMÁTICAS Y CIENCIAS DE LA TIERRA FÍSICA FÍSICA

Review of Nationally Determined Contributions (NCD) of Vietnam from the perspective of food systems

Tek Sapkota (2023, [Documento de trabajo])

Over the past decades, Vietnam has significantly progressed and has transformed from being a food-insecure nation to one of the world’s leading exporters in food commodities, and from one of the world’s poorest countries to a low-middle-income country. The agriculture sector is dominated by rice and plays a vital role in food security, employment, and foreign exchange. Vietnam submitted its updated Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC) in 2022 based on the NDC 2020. There is a significant increase in greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reduction, towards the long-term goals identified in Vietnam’s National Climate Change Strategy to 2025, and efforts are being made to fulfil the commitments made at COP26. The Agriculture Sector is the second-largest contributor of GHG emissions in Vietnam, accounting for 89.75 MtCO2eq, which was about 31.6 percent of total emissions in 2014. Rice cultivation is the biggest source of emissions in the agriculture sector, accounting for 49.35% of emissions from agriculture. The total GHG removal from Land Use, Land Use Change and Forestry (LULUCF) in 2014 was -37.54 MtCO2eq, of which the largest part was from the forest land sub-sector (35.61 MtCO2eq), followed by removal from croplands (7.31 MtCO2eq) (MONRE 2019).

CIENCIAS AGROPECUARIAS Y BIOTECNOLOGÍA CLIMATE CHANGE GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS FOOD SYSTEMS LAND USE CHANGE AGRICULTURE POLICIES DATA ANALYSIS

Review of Nationally Determined Contributions (NCD) of Colombia from the perspective of food systems

Tek Sapkota (2023, [Documento de trabajo])

Food is a vital component of Colombia's economy. The impact of climate change on agriculture and food security in the country is severe. The effects have resulted in decreased production and in the productivity of agricultural soil. Desertification processes are accelerating and intensifying. Colombia's government formally submitted its Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) on December 29, 2020. This paper examines Colombia's NDC from the standpoint of the food system.

CIENCIAS AGROPECUARIAS Y BIOTECNOLOGÍA CLIMATE CHANGE GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS FOOD SYSTEMS LAND USE CHANGE AGRICULTURE POLICIES DATA ANALYSIS FOOD WASTES

Propuesta paisajística integral para la UAM, Unidad Azcapotzalco

Cynthia García Marín (2023, [Tesis de maestría])

315 páginas. Maestría en Diseño, Planificación y Conservación de Paisajes y Jardines.

En México, la educación superior comienza en 1521 cuando la universidad se crea como institución educativa, inaugurando en 1553 La Real y Pontificia Universidad de México. En 1910 se funda la Universidad Nacional de México y en 1954 fue inaugurada la Ciudad Universitaria de la UNAM, esta fecha representa un hito en la historia de los espacios físicos de las universidades mexicanas. Debido a la demanda de educación superior y al movimiento estudiantil de 1968, se concibe la idea de crear una nueva universidad en la ZONA METROPOLITANA de la Ciudad de México, la Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana con sus Unidades al norte, al oriente y al sur, posteriormente se abrieron 2 Unidades más. Cada una de estas Unidades funciona de manera independiente, teniendo sus propios órganos de decisión, lo que se refleja en la planta física de conjunto. Es al norte de la ciudad donde surge la Unidad Azcapotzalco, que con el paso de los años se ha ido conformando de acuerdo a sus necesidades inmediatas tratando de seguir el proyecto inicial, sin embargo, debido a los ajustes en sus diferentes intervenciones arquitectónicas, se ha propiciado una falta de integración entre el espacio arquitectónico y el espacio abierto impactando directamente en el paisaje y en la pérdida gradual de identidad de la Unidad. Este trabajo reúne la información que describe la conformación del paisaje en la Unidad a lo largo de casi 50 años, en donde se analizan los componentes del paisaje en sus diferentes sistemas; ecológico-conformación medioambiental, sociocultural-conformación de la estructura urbana, polisensorial-conformación a través de los sentidos y su contexto histórico-conformación a través del tiempo. Esta identificación, permite realizar el análisis detallado de los factores que intervienen directa e indirectamente en el estado actual del paisaje de la Unidad, con este diagnóstico se elabora una síntesis creativa que especifica las limitaciones y potencialidades que afectan la conformación del espacio abierto. A partir de esto se elaboró un plan maestro, que integra las principales líneas de acción, estructuradas en ejes de diseño que tienen como propósito ordenar y facilitar la programación para mejorar las condiciones actuales por medio de acciones específicas que contribuyan al mejoramiento, conservación y creación de un paisaje que se integre en su conjunto y permita a la UAM-Azcapotzalco ser revalorizada como un sitio con identidad y con valores históricos, sociales, estéticos, biológicos y paisajísticos.

In Mexico, higher education began in 1521 when the university was created as an educational institution, inaugurating in 1553 La Real y Pontificia Universidad de México. The National University of Mexico was founded in 1910 and the UNAM University City was inaugurated in 1954, this date represents a milestone in the history of the physical spaces of Mexican universities. Due to the demand for higher education and the student movement of 1968, the idea of creating a new university in the METROPOLITAN ZONE of Mexico City was conceived, the Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana with its Units to the north, east and south, later 2 more Units were opened. Each one of these Units works independently, having its own decision-making bodies, which is reflected in the physical plant as a whole. It is to the north of the city where the Azcapotzalco Unit arises, which over the years has had to conform according to its immediate needs trying to follow the initial project, however, due to adjustments in its different architectural interventions, a lack of integration between the architectural space and the open space has been fostered, directly impacting the landscape and the gradual loss of identity of the Unit. This work gathers the information that describes the conformation of the landscape in the Unit over almost 50 years, where the components of the landscape in its different systems are analyzed; ecological-environmental conformation, sociocultural-conformation of the urban structure, polysensory-conformation through the senses and its historical context-conformation through time. This identification allows a detailed analysis of the factors that intervene directly and indirectly in the current state of the landscape of the Unit, with this diagnosis a creative synthesis is elaborated that specifies the limitations and potentialities that affect the conformation of the open space. Based on this, a master plan was prepared, which integrates the main lines of action, structured into design axes whose purpose is to order and facilitate programming to improve current conditions through specific actions that contribute to the improvement, conservation and creation of a landscape that is integrated as a whole and allows the UAM-Azcapotzalco to be revalued as a site with identity and with historical, social, aesthetic, biological and landscape values.

Paisaje, universidad, conformación, diagnóstico, lineamientos, identidad, integrar, revalorizar, plan maestro, propuesta. Landscape, university, conformation, diagnosis, guidelines, identity, integrate, revalue, master plan, proposal. Landscape design. Landscape assessment. Landscape changes. Landscapes--Social aspects. Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana. Diseño de paisajes. Evaluación del paisaje. Cambios de paisaje. SB472.45 HUMANIDADES Y CIENCIAS DE LA CONDUCTA CIENCIAS DE LAS ARTES Y LAS LETRAS ARQUITECTURA JARDINES Y PARQUES

El paisaje maya en la experiencia turística de finales del siglo XX en el territorio yucateco

Daniel Jesús Reyes Magaña (2023, [Capítulo de libro])

Los recorridos turísticos de miles de visitantes por año en el territorio maya yucateco, al norte de la Península de Yucatán, son herencia de los primeros viajeros extranjeros del siglo XIX. Desde esa época, estos aventureros se establecieron como los guías que, a través de su legado, conducen la mirada hacia la contemplación del pasado. Los turistas en la actualidad caminan por los pasos de dichos viajeros, atestiguando la mirada del paisaje depositada en los vestigios mayas ancestrales, que articulan cada uno de los elementos del paisaje del territorio. Sin embargo, la velocidad del viaje en el escenario turístico contemporáneo ha detonado la pérdida de la integralidad paisajística originaria debido a la actual búsqueda de emociones efímeras en el turismo. La parafernalia turística ha cubierto el patrimonio paisajístico maya de consumismo y mercantilización, enfocados a la venta de experiencias. En contraparte, el encuentro profundo entre el hombre y el paisaje, condicionado determinantemente por la dinámica turística, es posible en la experiencia humana como se descubre en la poética paisajística de la obra literaria “Palmeras de la brisa rápida” de Juan Villoro publicada por primera vez en 1989, y que revela las pautas del acontecimiento paisajístico en los viajeros contemporáneos.

The sightseeing tours of thousands of visitors per year in the Yucatan Mayan territory, north of the Yucatan Peninsula, are the heritage of the first foreign travelers of the nineteenth century. From that time on, these adventurers established themselves as the guides who, through their legacy, printed in travel books, engravings, and holiday triptychs, turn their gaze to the contemplation of the past. Tourists today walk through the footsteps of such travelers, attesting to the view of the landscape deposited in the ancestral Mayan vestiges, which articulate each of the elements of the landscape of the territory. However, the speed of travel on the contemporary tourist stage has detonated the loss of original landscape integrality due to the current search for ephemeral emotions in tourism. Tourist paraphernalia has covered the Mayan landscape heritage of consumerism and commodization, focused on the sale of experiences. In contrast, the deep encounter between man and landscape, conditioned decisively by tourist dynamics, is possible in the human experience as discovered in the poetic landscape of Juan Villoro’s literary work “Palmeras de la brisa rápida” first published in 1989, and which reveals the patterns of the landscape event in contemporary travelers.

Yucatán, turismo, experiencia paisajística, Juan Villoro, paisaje maya. Yucatan, tourism, landscape experience, Mayan landscape. Yucatán (Mexico : State) Cultural landscapes--Mexico. Tourism--Mexico--Yucatán (State) Yucatán (Mexico : State)--Commerce. Paisajes culturales. Turismo. F1376 CIENCIAS SOCIALES CIENCIAS ECONÓMICAS ECONOMÍA SECTORIAL ECONOMÍA SECTORIAL. TURISMO

Emilio Carballido: un viaje en el paisaje mexicano

TOMAS BERNAL ALANIS (2020, [Artículo])

Artículo número 7 de la Sección Tema. 12 páginas. tyvllv

Este artículo es un análisis de la novela corta El tren que corría de Emilio Carballido, donde cinco personajes van a tener una odisea para llegar a Monterrey después que el tren los dejo. En esta aventura expondrán sus deseos e ilusiones a través de los paisajes mexicanos que recorrerán en un taxi para alcanzar el tren, con su viajar se mostrará parte de la geografía y de la historia de diversos paisajes de este México rico en culturas y formas de vida.

This article is an analysis of the short novel El tren que corría of Emilio Carballido, in it, five characters experimented an odyssey before they get to Monterrey, after the train left them. In this adventure they will expose their desires and illusions trough the Mexicans landscapes, which they will travel in a taxicab to reach the train. With their journey it will show part of the geography and history of several Mexican landscapes, full of cultures and lifestyles.

Paisaje, viajar, movimiento, historia. Landscape, travel, movement, history. HUMANIDADES Y CIENCIAS DE LA CONDUCTA CIENCIAS DE LAS ARTES Y LAS LETRAS TEORÍA, ANÁLISIS Y CRÍTICA LITERARIAS

Planos y croquis de la desamortización en Michoacán

Martín Sánchez Rodriguez (2023, [Capítulo de libro])

Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana (México). Unidad Azcapotzalco. División de Ciencias y Artes para el Diseño. Departamento de Evaluación del Diseño en el Tiempo. Área de Estudios Urbanos.

La presente contribución busca poner en relieve la importancia de analizar los planos y croquis que las comisiones repartidoras hicieron o mandaron elaborar para definir en los potreros cada uno de los terrenos repartidos a cada indígena. A pesar de que no es mucha la cartografía que ha sobrevivido para Michoacán (hablamos de menos de tres decenas de casos), la complejidad de su análisis limita los propósitos de este artículo. Por lo tanto, sólo estudiaré los ejemplos de San Pedro Caro, Huetamo (en este caso se trata de la villa de Huetamo y el pueblo de San Lucas) y Ecuandureo, tratando de encontrar algunos elementos que nos revelen los cambios en el paisaje agrario michoacano. También se busca insistir en la importancia de la familia como factor para el reparto de la tierra. De acuerdo con las legislaciones sobre la desamortización, la ley de 1827 definió que el reparto debería de realizarse por familia. Sin embargo, en las leyes de 1851 y 1902, se estableció que el reparto debería de ser individual y en forma equitativa. El análisis de los planos de San Pedro Caro y Huetamo nos revelará la importancia del vínculo familiar para controlar una extensión más grande de terreno, aun y cuando estos tamaños fueran mínimos.

Cartography--Mexico--Michoacán de Ocampo--History. Michoacán de Ocampo (Mexico)--Maps--History. Land tenure--Mexico--Michoacán de Ocampo--History. Cartografía -- Historia. Tenencia de la tierra. GA485.M53 CIENCIAS FÍSICO MATEMÁTICAS Y CIENCIAS DE LA TIERRA CIENCIAS DE LA TIERRA Y DEL ESPACIO GEOGRAFÍA CARTOGRAFÍA GEOGRÁFICA

Insights into the transboundary stock structure of white seabass, Atractoscion nobilis, along the coast of California and Baja California

Perspectivas sobre la estructura del stock transfronterizo de la corvina blanca, Atractoscion nobilis, a lo largo de la costa de California y de Baja California

ARTURO FAJARDO YAMAMOTO (2023, [Tesis de doctorado])

The white seabass (Atractoscion nobilis) is a transboundary fishery resource that ranges from California, U.S., to Baja California Sur, Mexico, and within the north of the Gulf of California. It has been proposed two stock structure hypotheses that exist across their range in the eastern Pacific. However, still there are important data gaps to fill to understand the stock structure of this species. The aim of this study was to develop more information to understand the Pacific stock structure of the white seabass by (1) enhancing the baseline (catch-effort) information for the Mexican WSB fishery, (2) estimating the size-at-maturity and (3) describe the horizontal movement patterns and habitat utilization of adult WSB. Results suggest that the landings of the Mexican white seabass fishery showed an overall increase over the past 70 years. Landing fluctuations were associated with shifts in contextual factors, such as market changes and geopolitical events. For the past 20 years, the majority of harvest has come from Baja California Sur, with landings concentrated primarily in the fishery offices of Ciudad Constitución, Punta Abreojos, and San Carlos. White seabass females from southern Baja California mature at a size of 72.7 cm, while the males mature at a size of 58 cm. Moreover, regional differences of maturity were estimated where WSB from California matures larger than those from southern Baja California. A connectivity degree of white seabass adult was estimated between the coast of California and the west coast of the Baja California Peninsula. Overall, areas around islands and coastal areas are high-use areas for adult WSB. The Channel Islands, the region off Coronado Islands-Ensenada, the San Quintin region, and the Vizcaino Bay region are essential areas for WSB since different WSB ontogenic stages have been recorded. The spawning (March-September) and none spawning (October-February) seasons for adult WSB have marked differences in habitat utilization. Two migration pathways were estimated: one, a dispersal movement where adult white seabass moved northward to an area around the Channel Islands in California and a southward movement along the coast of the west coast of the Baja California Peninsula where multiple high-use areas were occupied and, second a return movement from north and south areas to a constrained and restricted area off the coast of Tijuana and San Quintin. Considering the information generated in this thesis, we have ...

La corvina blanca (Atractoscion nobilis) es un recurso pesquero transfronterizo que se extiende desde California, EE. UU., hasta Baja California Sur, México, y dentro del norte del Golfo de California. Se han propuesto dos hipótesis que describen la estructura del stock de la corvina blanca a lo largo de su área de distribución en el Pacífico oriental. Sin embargo, aún quedan vacíos en la información biológica-pesquera que nos permita comprender de una manera más robusta la estructura del stock. El objetivo de este estudio fue el desarrollar más información que nos permita comprender la estructura del stock de la corvina blanca que habita el Pacífico mediante (1) la reconstrucción de los desembarques de la pesquería mexicana, (2) la estimación del tamaño de madurez y (3) la descripción de los patrones de movimiento horizontal y el uso de hábitat de la corvina blanca adulta. Los resultados sugieren que los desembarques de la pesquería mexicana de corvina blanca mostraron un aumento en los últimos 70 años. Durante los últimos 20 años, la mayor parte de la captura proviene de Baja California Sur, concentrándose los desembarques en las oficinas pesqueras de Ciudad Constitución, Punta Abreojos y San Carlos. Las hembras de corvina blanca del sur de la Península de Baja California Sur maduran a una talla de 72,7 cm, mientras que los machos lo hacen a una talla de 58 cm. Además, se estimaron diferencias regionales de madurez, siendo que las corvinas blancas de California maduran a una talla mayor que las del sur de la Península de Baja California. Se estimó un cierto grado de conectividad de la corvina blanca adulta entre la costa de California y la costa oeste de la península de Baja California. En general, las áreas alrededor de las islas y las zonas costeras son zonas de alto uso para la corvina blanca adulta. Las islas del Canal, la región frente a las islas Coronado-Ensenada, la región de San Quintín y la región de la bahía Vizcaíno son zonas esenciales para la corvina blanca, ya que se han registrado diferentes fases ontogénicas en dichas zonas. El uso del hábitat de las corvinas blancas adultas durante la temporada de desove (marzo-septiembre) y la no desove (octubre-febrero) fue diferente. Se estimaron dos rutas migratorias: una, con movimientos de dispersión donde la corvina blanca adulta se desplazó hacia el norte alcanzando el área alrededor de las Islas del Canal en California, y un movimiento hacia el sur, a lo largo de la costa del litoral oeste...

White seabass, stock structure, landings reconstruction, size-at-maturity, habitat utilization Corvina blanca, estructura del stock, reconstrucción de desembarques, talla de madurez sexual, uso de hábitat CIENCIAS AGROPECUARIAS Y BIOTECNOLOGÍA CIENCIAS AGRARIAS PECES Y FAUNA SILVESTRE DINÁMICA DE LAS POBLACIONES DINÁMICA DE LAS POBLACIONES