Potential impacts of Ukraine-Russia armed conflict on global wheat food security: A quantitative exploration

Khondoker Mottaleb Gideon Kruseman Sieglinde Snapp (2022, [Artículo])

Violent conflict is a major cause of acute food crises. In 2021, at least 155 million people in 10 countries were severely food insecure and eight of those countries were experiencing armed conflict. On February 24, 2022, an armed conflict between Russian Federation (Russia) and Ukraine escalated. As Russia and Ukraine are major wheat exporters, this will aggravate the already precarious food security situation in many developing countries by disrupting wheat production and export and by accelerating price hikes in import-dependent developing countries. This study examines the potential impacts of this ongoing armed conflict between Russia and Ukraine on wheat price, consumption, and calorie intake from wheat. In doing so, it applies the conditional mixed process estimation procedure using information collected from 163 countries and territories for the years 2016–2019 from online database of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). The study shows that, on average, a 1% decrease in the global wheat trade could increase the producers' price of wheat by 1.1%, and a 1% increase in the producers' price could reduce the yearly per capita wheat consumption by 0.59%, daily calorie intake by 0.54% and protein intake by 0.64% in the sampled countries. Based on this, the study demonstrates that a 50% reduction in wheat exports by Russia and Ukraine could increase the producers’ price of wheat by 15%, which would induce a reduction in wheat consumption and dietary energy intake by at least 8%. Since wheat export has reduced from both Russia and Ukraine, to avoid a food crisis in developing countries, policies are suggested, including near term improvement of domestic wheat production by promoting improved agronomic practices to close yield gaps to meet a substantial portion of wheat self-sufficiency goals. In the long run, countries in Africa, East Asia and South America can explore expanding wheat into new land area. International donor agencies can play a key role in supporting the ongoing wheat research and development activities.

Export-Import CIENCIAS AGROPECUARIAS Y BIOTECNOLOGÍA ARMED CONFLICTS CALORIES CONSUMPTION ELASTICITY FOOD SECURITY PRICES PRODUCTION WHEAT

Comportamiento elástico de la madera. Teoría y aplicaciones

Saúl Antonio Hernández Maldonado (2010, [Tesis de maestría])

Facultad de Ingeniería en Tecnología de la Madera. Maestría en Ciencias en Tecnología de la Madera

The Thesis "Elastic behavior of wood. Theory and applications "is a contribution to the study of wood, modeled and analyzed, as a solid elastic, macroscopically homogeneous, with properties of a continuous medium and with orthoptic elastic and material symmetries. In the scientific and technological literature related to the mechanical characterization of wood, the current paradigm is to use, for purposes of conceptual analysis and research, a general theoretical model that explains the elastic behavior of wood. In Mexico, particularly in the context of Wood Technology Science and Engineering, there is no theoretical proposal, adapted to the conditions of the country that substantiates the results of research in this field. Likewise, it is difficult to locally identify a relevant proposal that explains the applications derived from the study of elastic behavior of wood. On the other hand, technological information on the mechanical response of wood of Mexican species lacks a theoretical, numerical and experimental conceptual framework that gives coherence to the data on the elastic characteristics of the national woods. From the above, it follows that research in Wood Science and the practice of Wood Technology Engineering require a Model that explains the elastic behavior of ligno-cellulosic matter. They also require useful experimental data in the design of structures and wood products. This problem can be seen from two perspectives: Scientific problem: The study of the elastic behavior of Mexican timber cannot be verified by the lack of an appropriate theoretical model. Technological and industrial problem: The design of structures and wood products in Mexico is deficient among other reasons, due to the lack of Engineering parameters and technological data to assure the reliability of the wood buildings and to improve the development of new products.

La Tesis “Comportamiento elástico de la madera. Teoría y aplicaciones” es una contribución al estudio de la madera, modelada y analizada, ésta como un sólido elástico, macroscópicamente homogéneo, con propiedades de un medio continuo y con simetrías materiales y elásticas ortotrópicas. En la literatura científica y tecnológica relacionada con la caracterización mecánica de la madera, el paradigma actual es emplear, para fines de análisis conceptual y de investigación, un Modelo teórico general que explique el comportamiento elástico de la madera. En México, particularmente en el contexto de Ciencias Tecnología e Ingeniería de la Madera, no existe una propuesta teórica, adaptada a las condiciones del País, que fundamente los resultados de investigación en este campo. Igualmente, es difícil identificar localmente una propuesta pertinente que explique las aplicaciones derivadas del estudio del comportamiento elástico de la madera. Por otra parte, la información tecnológica sobre la respuesta mecánica de la madera de especies mexicanas, carece de un marco conceptual teórico, numérico y experimental que dé coherencia a los datos sobre las características elásticas de las maderas nacionales. De lo anteriormente expuesto, se desprende que la investigación en Ciencias de la Madera y la práctica de la Ingeniería en Tecnología de la Madera, requieren de un Modelo que explique el comportamiento elástico de la materia ligno-celulósica. Igualmente, requieren datos experimentales útiles en el diseño de estructuras y productos de madera. Esta problemática se puede visualizar desde dos perspectivas: Problema científico: El estudio del comportamiento elástico de maderas mexicanas no puede ser verificable por la carencia de un Modelo teórico apropiado. Problema tecnológico e industrial: El diseño de estructuras y productos de madera en México es deficiente entre otras causas, por la falta de parámetros de Ingeniería y de datos tecnológicos para asegurar la confiabilidad de las edificaciones de madera y mejorar el desarrollo de nuevos productos.

INGENIERÍA Y TECNOLOGÍA FITECMA-M-2010-0006 Comportamiento Elasticidad Madera Teoría Aplicaciones

Economic inequality and the impact of cash transfers in the state of Veracruz, México, 2008 to 2020

José Alejandro Pérez-Nájera Rogelio Javier Rendón Hernández (2023, [Artículo, Artículo])

Income inequality in Mexico is extremely high and the federal states are considerably heterogeneous, which is why a regional analysis allows us to identify the fundamental characteristics, trends, and regional conditions for the implementation of redistributive policies.  We used microdata from the National Household Income and Expenditure Survey (ENIGH) to analyze the evolution of income inequality in the state of Veracruz during the 2008-2020 period; To identify its sources and investigate how it was affected by monetary transfers, the income decomposition method is used to identify the ENIGH income sources and investigate preliminary COVID-19 effects. The results show evidence of a decrease in inequality in the period; relatively and marginally, it is identified that the observed decrease can be attributed to cash transfers. In recent years, transfers represented 30% of the income of the lowest deciles (I, II, and III) and the income elasticity of the Gini coefficient indicates that their increase represents a decrease in inequality.

Desigualdad ingresos monetarios elasticidad del ingreso Políticas Sociales distribución del ingreso CIENCIAS SOCIALES CIENCIAS SOCIALES Cash transfers income elasticities inequality monetary income

Ajustar las condiciones de operación de una prensa hidráulica horizontal de fabricación propia para un proceso de doblado en frío a 90°

Hugo Estrada Pimentel HUGO ARCOS GUTIERREZ JOSE ANTONIO BETANCOURT CANTERA Jan Mayén Chaires John Edison García Herrera (2023, [Artículo])

During the cold-bending process, the tooling suffers considerable damage due to excess pressure. This also causes the machines to break down, causing problems in the precision and quality of the metal parts formed. The precision depends on the operating conditions of the press, the tooling employed, and the elastic recovery effect of the material. This study determines the working conditions for a made-in-house horizontal hydraulic press through an experimental design (DOE). This research carried out the V-forming to 90° (ISO 2768-1) of a hot-rolled carbon steel plate, considering pressure, piston permanence time, and recovery factor (Kr). The experimental and statistical analysis ensures accurate forming while the work pressure decreases by 17% and 33%, respectively, regarding the maximum. This reduction will delay the appearance of fatigue damage and have the operating parameters well established; in turn, it will be possible to design tools according to commercial standards.

Durante el proceso de conformado en frío, las herramientas sufren daños considerables debido al exceso de presión. Esto también causa que las máquinas se rompan, causando problemas en la precisión y calidad de las piezas metálicas formadas. La precisión depende de las condiciones de funcionamiento de la prensa, las herramientas empleadas y el efecto elástico de recuperación del material. Este estudio determina las condiciones de trabajo de una prensa hidráulica horizontal fabricado en casa a través de un diseño experimental (DOE). Esta investigación llevó a cabo el conformado en V a 90° (ISO 2768-1) de una placa de acero al carbono laminada en caliente, teniendo en cuenta la presión, el tiempo de permanencia del pistón y el factor de recuperación (Kr). El análisis experimental y estadístico asegura un conformado preciso, mientras que la presión de trabajo disminuyó en un 17% y 33%, respectivamente, con respecto al máximo. Esta reducción retrasará la aparición de daños por fatiga y tendrá los parámetros de funcionamiento bien establecidos; con estos, a su vez, será posible diseñar herramientas de acuerdo con los estándares comerciales.

Authorship acknowledgement: Hugo Estrada: Conceptualization; methodology; validation; writing; revision; project administration; software; investigation; display; draft writing; reviewing and editing. Hugo Arcos: Conceptualization; methodology; validation; writing; revision; simulation; software; reviewing. José A. Betancourt: Supervision; methodology; validation; writing; revision; draft writing: writing reviewing and editing. Jan Mayen: Supervision; methodology; validation; writing; revision; formal analysis.

John E. García: Conceptualization; supervision; methodology; validation; writing; revision; project management; formal analysis, draft writing: writing reviewing and editing.

Cold forming DOE ANOVA Recovery factor (Kr) Factorial analysis 2k Spring back (SB) Conformado en frío Factor de recuperación (Kr) Análisis factorial 2k Recuperación elástica (SB) INGENIERÍA Y TECNOLOGÍA CIENCIAS TECNOLÓGICAS OTRAS ESPECIALIDADES TECNOLÓGICAS OTRAS OTRAS