Introducción a los métodos numéricos aplicados a la hidráulica

OSCAR ARTURO FUENTES MARILES Polioptro Martinez-Austria (1988, [Libro])

El libro pretende ser una introducción a los métodos numéricos aplicados a la ingeniería hidráulica, intentando establecer un equilibrio entre la presentación de los métodos y sus aplicaciones. De igual manera, se hace énfasis en su aplicación a la ingeniería hidráulica; con la intención de que el lector sea capaz, en problemas de su práctica profesional cotidiana, de lograr aplicacioens semejantes.

Hidráulica Métodos numéricos INGENIERÍA Y TECNOLOGÍA

Waterhole detection using a vegetation index in desert bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis cremnobates) habitat

Jonathan Gabriel Escobar Flores (2019, [Artículo])

In arid ecosystems, desert bighorn sheep are dependent on natural waterholes, particularly in summer when forage is scarce and environmental temperatures are high. To detect waterholes in Sierra Santa Isabel, which is the largest area of desert bighorn sheep habitat in the state of Baja California, Mexico, we used the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and normalized difference water index (NDWI) from Sentinel-2 satellite images. Waterhole detection was based on the premise that sites with greater water availability, where NDVI was higher, can be identified by their density of vegetation greenness. For the detected waterholes, we estimated the escape terrain (presence of cliffs or steep, rocky slopes) around each by the vector ruggedness measure to determine their potential use by desert bighorn sheep based on the animals’ presence as documented by camera traps. We detected 14 waterholes with the NDVI of which 11 were known by land owners and 3 were unrecorded. Desert bighorn were not detected in waterholes with high values of escape terrain, i.e., flat areas. Waterhole detection by NDVI is a simple method, and with the assistance and knowledge of the inhabitants of the Sierra, it was possible to confirm the presence each waterhole in the field. © 2019 Escobar-Flores et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Article, bighorn sheep, environmental aspects and related phenomena, environmental parameters, habitat, Mexico, nonhuman, normalized difference vegetation index, normalized difference water index, water availability, waterhole, animal, bighorn sheep, CIENCIAS AGROPECUARIAS Y BIOTECNOLOGÍA CIENCIAS AGRARIAS CIENCIA FORESTAL CIENCIA FORESTAL

Radiación no lineal en la ecuación de Richards bidimensional aplicada al drenaje agrícola subterráneo

MANUEL ZAVALA TREJO CARLOS FUENTES RUIZ Heber Saucedo (2005, [Artículo])

Se presenta una aproximación mecanicista para modelar el funcionamiento hidráulico de un sistema de drenaje agrícola subterráneo, el cual consiste en acoplar numéricamente la ecuación de Richards bidimensional para el flujo de agua en el suelo con la ecuación de continuidad y una ley de resistencia para el flujo de agua en el dren. Este acoplamiento se realiza imponiendo, en el perímetro de los drenes, la condición de radiación no lineal de Zavala et al. (2003). Haciendo uso de evidencia experimental, se evalúa la capacidad de descripción tanto del modelo basado en la condición de radiación no lineal como del modelo clásico reportado en la literatura, que impone en los drenes una condición de superficie de filtración. A partir de la comparación con datos experimentales, se muestra que con la condición de superficie de filtración se sobrestima el gasto de drenaje y el abatimiento de la superficie libre debido a que se considera nula la resistencia en la interfaz suelo saturado-dren. La validación experimental permite mostrar que la descripción de las transferencias de masa y energía, que se desarrollan en un sistema de drenaje agrícola subterráneo durante la recesión del manto freático, debe realizarse imponiendo en los drenes la condición de radiación no lineal.

Drenaje agrícola subterráneo Modelos numéricos CIENCIAS AGROPECUARIAS Y BIOTECNOLOGÍA

Desarrollo de un modelo numérico para evaluar el ambiente de invernaderos dedicados a la producción intensiva de tomate

CRUZ ERNESTO AGUILAR RODRIGUEZ (2020, [Tesis de doctorado])

Tesis (Doctor en Ciencias y Tecnología del Agua) -- Instituto Mexicano de Tecnología del Agua. Coordinación de Desarrollo Profesional e Institucional. Subcoordinación de Posgrado.

La evaluación del impacto de las variables climáticas en un invernadero ayuda a determinar ciclos de cultivos y también al uso estratégico de insumos. Técnicas experimentales, numéricas y analíticas se han desarrollado para el estudio del ambiente en un invernadero con el propósito de predecir calidad y cantidad de producción agrícola. Este trabajo de investigación analiza y aporta información sobre la función que tiene el clima diurno y nocturno, en conjunto con un análisis espacial en un invernadero. En particular, la temperatura como variable prioritaria del clima es utilizada para definir gradientes térmicos del invernadero, y a partir de allí estimar la duración del ciclo de producción de tomate en función de grados días calor. También, esta investigación evaluó el efecto que tienen los calefactores eléctricos sobre la homogeneización de temperatura en periodos críticos de baja temperatura para producción de tomate. Adicionalmente, se han estudiado las consecuencias de condiciones de operación de un invernadero en la concentración de vapor de agua e intensidad del infrarrojo cercano.

Tomate Invernaderos Modelaciones numéricas Gradientes térmicos CIENCIAS AGROPECUARIAS Y BIOTECNOLOGÍA

Un modelo para simular la transferencia de agua en sistemas de riego por goteo

MANUEL ZAVALA TREJO WALDO OJEDA BUSTAMANTE (1999, [Artículo])

Se presenta un modelo numérico de simulación para describir y analizar la infiltración y redistribución del agua en el suelo bajo condiciones de riego por goteo. La solución numérica de la forma mixta de la ecuación de Richards se obtuvo utilizando el método del elemento finito en la discretización espacial y un esquema de diferencias finitas implícito para la integración en el tiempo. En una primera etapa el esquema numérico fue validado comparando sus resultados con soluciones analíticas obtenidas para formas simplificadas de la ecuación de transferencia de agua. Posteriormente se presentan algunos casos prácticos de interés agrícola donde se analizan alternativas potenciales que permitan diseñar y mejorar este tipo de sistema de riego.

Riego por goteo Transferencia de agua Modelos numéricos Simulación CIENCIAS AGROPECUARIAS Y BIOTECNOLOGÍA

Validación del uso de energía renovable para su aplicación en el subsector agrícola

JOSE JASSON FLORES PRIETO Olga Xochitl Cisneros Estrada (2013, [Documento de trabajo])

Desarrollo tecnológico para la desalación de agua salobre con generación híbrida de paneles solares y aerogeneradores – Sistema de bombeo solar para riego presurizado – Sistema de desalación solar por nanofiltración – Referencias bibliográficas.

Energía solar Tecnología apropiada Desalación Nanofiltración Riego Informes de proyectos INGENIERÍA Y TECNOLOGÍA

Appraisal of complementarity of subsurface drip fertigation and conservation agriculture for physiological performance and water economy of maize

C.M. Parihar Hari Sankar Nayak Dipaka Ranjan Sena Renu Pandey Mahesh Gathala ML JAT (2023, [Artículo])

The Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP) in north-west (NW) India are facing a severe decline in ground water due to prevalent rice-based cropping systems. To combat this issue, conservation agriculture (CA) with an alternative crop/s, such as maize, is being promoted. Recently, surface drip fertigation has also been evaluated as a viable option to address low-nutrient use efficiency and water scarcity problems for cereals. While the individual benefits of CA and sub-surface drip (SSD) irrigation on water economy are well-established, information regarding their combined effect in cereal-based systems is lacking. Therefore, we conducted a two-year field experiment in maize, under an ongoing CA-based maize-wheat system, to evaluate the complementarity of CA with SSD irrigation through two technological interventions–– CA+ (residue retained CA + SSD), PCA+ (partial CA without residue + SSD) – at different N rates (0, 120 and 150 kg N ha-1) in comparison to traditional furrow irrigated (FI) CA and conventional tillage (CT) at 120 kg N ha-1. Our results showed that CA+ had the highest grain yield (8.2 t ha-1), followed by PCA+ (8.1 t ha-1). The grain yield under CA+ at 150 kg N ha-1 was 27% and 30% higher than CA and CT, respectively. Even at the same N level (120 kg N ha-1), CA+ outperformed CA and CT by 16% and 18%, respectively. The physiological performance of maize also revealed that CA+ based plots with 120 kg N ha-1 had 12% and 3% higher photosynthesis rate at knee-high and silking, respectively compared to FI-CA and CT. Overall, compared to the FI-CA and CT, SSD-based CA+ and PCA+ saved 54% irrigation water and increased water productivity (WP) by more than twice. Similarly, a greater number of split N application through fertigation in PCA+ and CA+ increased agronomic nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) and recover efficiency by 8–19% and 14–25%, respectively. Net returns from PCA+ and CA+ at 150 kg N ha-1 were significantly higher by US$ 491 and 456, respectively than the FI-CA and CT treatments. Therefore, CA coupled with SSD provided tangible benefits in terms of yield, irrigation water saving, WP, NUE and profitability. Efforts should be directed towards increasing farmers’ awareness of the benefits of such promising technology for the cultivating food grains and commercial crops such as maize. Concurrently, government support and strict policies are required to enhance the system adaptability.

Net Returns Subsurface Drip Irrigation Subsurface Drip Fertigation CIENCIAS AGROPECUARIAS Y BIOTECNOLOGÍA EFFICIENCY GRAIN NITROGEN PHOTOSYNTHESIS PHYSIOLOGY WATER SUPPLY CONSERVATION AGRICULTURE CONVENTIONAL TILLAGE FERTIGATION GROUNDWATER NITROGEN-USE EFFICIENCY WATER PRODUCTIVITY

Classification of Cucumber Leaves Based on Nitrogen Content Using the Hyperspectral Imaging Technique and Majority Voting.

Sajad Sabzi Razieh Pourdarbani Mohammad Hossein Rohban Alejandro Fuentes_Penna José Luis Hernández-Hernández Mario Hernández Hernández (2021, [Artículo])

Improper usage of nitrogen in cucumber cultivation causes nitrate accumulation in the fruit and results in food poisoning in humans; therefore, mandatory evaluation of food products becomes inevitable. Hyperspectral imaging has a very good ability to evaluate the quality of fruits and vegetables in a non-destructive manner. The goal of the present paper was to identify excess nitrogen in cucumber plants. To obtain a reliable result, the majority voting method was used, which takes into account the unanimity of five classifiers, namely, the hybrid artificial neural network¿imperialism competitive algorithm (ANN-ICA), the hybrid artificial neural network¿harmonic search (ANN-HS) algorithm, linear discrimination analysis (LDA), the radial basis function network (RBF), and the Knearest- neighborhood (KNN). The wavelengths of 723, 781, and 901 nm were determined as optimal wavelengths using the hybrid artificial neural network¿biogeography-based optimization (ANNBBO) algorithm, and the performance of classifiers was investigated using the optimal spectrum. The results of a t-test showed that there was no significant difference in the precision of the algorithm when using the optimal wavelengths and wavelengths of the whole range. The correct classification rate of the classifiers ANN-ICA, ANN-HS, LDA, RBF, and KNN were 96.14%, 96.11%, 95.73%, 64.03%, and 95.24%, respectively. The correct classification rate of majority voting (MV) was 95.55% for test data in 200 iterations, which indicates the system was successful in distinguishing nitrogen-rich leaves from leaves with a standard content of nitrogen.

artificial neural network cucumber hyperspectral imaging majority voting nitrogen INGENIERÍA Y TECNOLOGÍA CIENCIAS TECNOLÓGICAS TECNOLOGÍA DE LOS ALIMENTOS

Remoción de macronutrientes en el tratamiento de aguas residuales porcícolas

Macronutrients removal in the treatment of swine wastewater

VIOLETA ERENDIRA ESCALANTE ESTRADA MARCO ANTONIO GARZON ZUÑIGA SERGIO VALLE CERVANTES (2012, [Artículo])

Se presentan los resultados de una comparación realizada entre los procesos biológicos más utilizados para el tratamiento de efluentes porcícolas. Estos procesos son: digestores anaerobios, reactor anaerobio de flujo ascendentes, filtros anaerobios, reactor secuencial en lote, sistemas lagunares y biofiltros. Se concluye que una buena opción de tratamiento podría ser un sistema combinado de filtros sumergidos anaerobios con filtro percolador aireado, ya que los filtros anaerobios requieren un menor tiempo de retención hidráulico para la reducción de la materia orgánica y por otra parte, los biofiltros aerados pueden alcanzar eficiencias de remoción de nitrógeno mayores a las de otros sistemas (lagunas, variantes de lodos activados, etcétera). Sin embargo, aunque existen algunos estudios sobre el seguimiento de los mecanismos para la remoción de nitrógeno en biofiltros, se requiere realizar estudios adicionales al respecto. Se propone que una posible estrategia sería estudiando el efecto de la relación C/N y de la tasa aireación en estos sistemas de tratamiento.

Efluentes industriales Porcinos Tratamiento de aguas residuales Nitrógeno INGENIERÍA Y TECNOLOGÍA

Modeling the growth, yield and N dynamics of wheat for decoding the tillage and nitrogen nexus in 8-years long-term conservation agriculture based maize-wheat system

C.M. Parihar Dipaka Ranjan Sena Prakash Chand Ghasal Shankar Lal Jat Yashpal Singh Saharawat Mahesh Gathala Upendra Singh Hari Sankar Nayak (2024, [Artículo])

Context: Agricultural field experiments are costly and time-consuming, and their site-specific nature limits their ability to capture spatial and temporal variability. This hinders the transfer of crop management information across different locations, impeding effective agricultural decision-making. Further, accurate estimates of the benefits and risks of alternative crop and nutrient management options are crucial for effective decision-making in agriculture. Objective: The objective of this study was to utilize the Crop Environment Resource Synthesis CERES-Wheat model to simulate crop growth, yield, and nitrogen dynamics in a long-term conservation agriculture (CA) based wheat system. The study aimed to calibrate the model using data from a field experiment conducted during the 2019-20-2020-21 growing seasons and evaluation it with independent data from the year 2021–22. Method: Crop simulation models, such as the Crop Environment Resource Synthesis CERES-Wheat (DSSAT v 4.8), may provide valuable insights into crop growth and nitrogen dynamics, enabling decision makers to understand and manage production risk more effectively. Therefore, the present study employed the CERES-Wheat (DSSAT v 4.8) model and calibrated it using field data, including plant phenological phases, leaf area index, aboveground biomass, and grain yield from the 2019-20-2020-21 growing seasons. An independent dataset from the year 2021–22 was used for model evaluation. The model was used to investigate the relationship between growing degree days (GDD), temperature, nitrate and ammonical concentration in soil, and nitrogen uptake by the crop. Additionally, the study explored the impact of contrasting tillage practices and fertilizer nitrogen management options on wheat yields. The experimental site is situated at ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), New Delhi, representing Indian Trans-Gangetic Plains Zone (28o 40’N latitude, 77o 11’E longitude and an altitude of 228 m above sea level). The treatments consist of four nitrogen management options, viz., N0 (zero nitrogen), N150 (150 kg N ha−1 through urea), GS (Green seeker based urea application) and USG (urea super granules @150 kg N ha−1) in two contrasting tillage systems, i.e., CA-based zero tillage (ZT) and conventional tillage (CT). Result: The outcomes exhibited favorable agreement between the model’s simulations and the observed data for crop phenology (With less than 2 days variation in 50% onset of flowering), grain and biomass yield (Root mean square error; RMSE 336 kg ha−1 and 649 kg ha−1, respectively), and leaf area index (LAI) (RMSE 0.28 & normalized RMSE; nRMSE 6.69%). The model effectively captured the nitrate-N (NO3−-N) dynamics in the soil profile, exhibiting a remarkable concordance with observed data, as evident from its low RMSE = 12.39 kg ha−1 and nRMSE = 13.69%. Moreover, as it successfully simulated the N balance in the production system, the nitrate leaching and ammonia volatilization pattern as described by the model are highly useful to understand these critical phenomena under both conventional tillage (CT) and CA-based Zero Tillage (ZT) treatments. Conclusion: The study concludes that the DSSAT-CERES-Wheat model has significant potential to assess the impacts of tillage and nitrogen management practices on crop growth, yield, and soil nitrogen dynamics in the western Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP) region. By providing reliable forecasts within the growing season, this modeling approach can facilitate better planning and more efficient resource management. Future implications: The successful implementation of the DSSAT-CERES-Wheat model in this study highlights its applicability in assessing crop performance and soil dynamics. Future research should focus on expanding the model’s capabilities by reducing its sensitivity to initial soil nitrogen levels to refine its predictions further. Moreover, the model’s integration with decision support systems and real-time data can enhance its usefulness in aiding agricultural decision-making and supporting sustainable crop management practices.

Nitrogen Dynamics Mechanistic Crop Growth Models Crop Simulation CIENCIAS AGROPECUARIAS Y BIOTECNOLOGÍA NITROGEN CONSERVATION AGRICULTURE WHEAT MAIZE CROP GROWTH RATE SIMULATION MODELS