Women, economic resilience, gender norms in a time of climate change: what do we know?

Cathy Farnworth Anne Rietveld Rachel Voss Angela Meentzen (2023, [Artículo])

This literature delves into 82 research articles, published between 2016 and 2022, to develop a deep understanding of how women manage their lives and livelihoods within their agrifood systems when these systems are being affected, sometimes devastatingly, by climate change. The Findings show that four core gender norms affect the ability of women to achieve economic resilience in the face of climate change operate in agrifood production systems. Each of these gender norms speaks to male privilege: (i) Men are primary decision-makers, (ii) Men are breadwinners, (iii) Men control assets, and (iv) Men are food system actors. These gender norms are widely held and challenge women’s abilities to become economically resilient. These norms are made more powerful still because they fuse with each other and act on multiple levels, and they serve to support other norms which limit women’s scope to act. It is particularly noteworthy that many institutional actors, ranging from community decision-makers to development partners, tend to reinforce rather than challenge gender norms because they do not critically review their own assumptions.

However, the four gender norms cited are not hegemonic. First, there is limited and intriguing evidence that intersectional identities can influence women’s resilience in significant ways. Second, gender norms governing women’s roles and power in agrifood systems are changing in response to climate change and other forces, with implications for how women respond to future climate shocks. Third, paying attention to local realities is important – behaviours do not necessarily substantiate local norms. Fourth, women experience strong support from other women in savings groups, religious organisations, reciprocal labour, and others. Fifth, critical moments, such as climate disasters, offer potentially pivotal moments of change which could permit women unusually high levels of agency to overcome restrictive gender norms without being negatively sanctioned. The article concludes with recommendations for further research.

Economic Resilience Intersectional Identities Women Groups Support CIENCIAS AGROPECUARIAS Y BIOTECNOLOGÍA ECONOMICS RESILIENCE CLIMATE CHANGE GENDER NORMS AGRIFOOD SYSTEMS WOMEN

CIMMYT seed systems Interventions

&

lessons to Pakistan

AbduRahman Issa (2023, [Objeto de congreso])

CIENCIAS AGROPECUARIAS Y BIOTECNOLOGÍA SEED SYSTEMS VALUE CHAINS POLICIES HYBRIDS MAIZE WOMEN FARMERS

Hub meeting Honduras: Gestión de la red de innovación en el occidente y oriente de Honduras. ¿Porque genero e inclusion social en Agrilac?

Angela Meentzen (2023, [Objeto de congreso])

CIENCIAS AGROPECUARIAS Y BIOTECNOLOGÍA GENDER EQUALITY FOOD SYSTEMS CLIMATE CHANGE WOMEN'S PARTICIPATION

Necessity as a driver in bending agricultural gender norms in the Eastern Gangetic Plains of South Asia

Pragya Timsina Emma Karki Brendan Brown (2023, [Artículo])

The majority of the farmers in the rural Global South continue to depend directly or indirectly on agriculture for their livelihoods. Despite the fact that women account for almost half of the world's farmers, they face gender-specific challenges such as deeply rooted cultural and social norms that limit their access to land, assets, financial markets, agricultural training, and information. Using semi-structured interviews with farmers in the Eastern Gangetic Plains, this study investigates how necessity is becoming one of the major drivers in the bending of agricultural gender norms. The study investigates the connections between feminist political ecology and agricultural technology production frameworks in order to comprehend the implications of technology adoption and influences on gender norms in communities. Women's participation in agriculture was found to be heavily influenced by social and cultural barriers, and they were frequently subjected to social criticism for breaking the systemic gender norms. This paper emphasizes on the growing pattern of bending gender norms with recommendations for increasing women's participation and scope in future agriculture development initiatives through policies and interventions that emphasize gender equity.

Social Barriers Cultural Barriers Feminist Political Ecology CIENCIAS AGROPECUARIAS Y BIOTECNOLOGÍA GENDER NORMS WOMEN FARMERS AGRICULTURE TECHNOLOGY

Trends in intimate partner, school, and work violence against women in Chihuahua, 2003-2021

Rogelio Rodriguez Nemesio Castillo (2023, [Artículo, Artículo])

This article presents a description and analysis of the trends of violence against women in Chihuahua between 2003 and 2021, employing data from the National Survey of the Dynamics of Household Relationships (Endireh by its acronym in Spanish) for the years 2003, 2006, 2011, 2016 and 2021. The areas chosen for this analysis were intimate partner, school, and workplace. Certain increases and reductions of the problem were observed over time in these areas. Based on the results, recommendations are made for future studies on the topic and public policies to address violence against women.

Violence Women Trends Chihuahua ENDIREH Violencia Mujeres Tendencias CIENCIAS SOCIALES CIENCIAS SOCIALES

Gender analysis of household seed security : A case of maize and wheat seed systems in Nepal

Hom Nath Gartaula (2022, [Libro])

Seed Security Mountains CIENCIAS AGROPECUARIAS Y BIOTECNOLOGÍA SEED SYSTEMS MAIZE WHEAT ROLE OF WOMEN WOMEN'S PARTICIPATION

Sustainability evaluation of contrasting milpa systems in the Yucatán Peninsula, Mexico

Santiago Lopez-Ridaura Tania Carolina Camacho Villa (2023, [Artículo])

The milpa agroecosystem is an intercropping of maize, beans, squash and other crops, developed in Mesoamerica, and its adoption is widely variable across climates and regions. An example of particular interest is the Yucatan Peninsula in Mexico, which holds highly diverse milpas, drawing on ancestral Mayan knowledge. Traditional milpas have been described as sustainable resource management models, based on long rotations within a slash-and-burn cycle in forest areas. Nevertheless, due to modernization and intensification processes, new variants of the approach have appeared. The objective of this study was to evaluate the sustainability of three milpa systems (traditional, continuous, and mechanized) in four case studies across the Peninsula, with emphasis on food self-sufficiency, social inclusion and adoption of innovations promoted by a development project. The Framework for the Evaluation of Agroecosystems using Indicators (MESMIS, for its Spanish acronym) was used for its flexible, participatory approach. A common group of indicators was developed despite regional differences between study cases, with a high level of farmer participation throughout the iterative process. The results show lower crop yields in traditional systems, but with lower inputs costs and pesticide use. In contrast, continuous milpas had higher value in terms of crop diversity, food security, social inclusion, and innovation adoption. Mechanized milpas had lower weed control costs. Profitability of cash crops and the proportion of forest were high in all systems. Highly adopted innovations across milpa types and study cases included spatial crop arrangement and the use of residues as mulches. However, most innovations are not adapted to local conditions, and do not address climate change. Further, women and youth participation is low, especially in traditional systems.

Milpa Intensification Processes Women and Youth Participation CIENCIAS AGROPECUARIAS Y BIOTECNOLOGÍA SUSTAINABILITY INTERCROPPING FOOD SECURITY INNOVATION SOCIAL INCLUSION AGROECOSYSTEMS CASE STUDIES

Drought risk management in Mexico: progress and challenges

David Ortega Gaucin Mario Lopez Perez Felipe Ignacio Arreguín Cortés (2016, [Artículo])

Drought is one of the most complex natural phenomena, which affects the most people in the world. In Mexico, drought has been a recurrent and persistent problem throughout its history. In recent years, drought has affected large agricultural areas and rural communities, leading to severe imbalances in the regional and national economies, as occurred during the 2011–2012 drought, the most severe of the last 70 years. Therefore, in this paper an analysis of the measures that have recently been implemented to cope with drought in Mexico, which highlights the beginning of the transition from a reactive approach based on the crisis management towards a proactive approach aimed to risk management, with the implementation of the National Program Against Drought (PRONACOSE, for its acronym in Spanish) launched in 2013 is presented. So, in this paper, the components of this program are presented, along with a brief description of the Programs of Preventive and Mitigation Drought Measures (PMPMS, for its acronym in Spanish), which have been formulated as an integral part of PRONACOSE for each of the 26 basin councils in the country. Similarly, some of the main future challenges in drought manage¬ment and research needs identified during the formulation of the PMPMS are exposed. We concluded that there is no way to avoid a drought but there are ways to mitigate its impacts and reduce losses of those affected by the phenomenon. Drought risk can’t be completely eliminated, but preventive actions implemented in the future will be useful to mitigate its effects.

Sequías Prevención de desastres Gestión del riesgo Vulnerabilidad CIENCIAS FÍSICO MATEMÁTICAS Y CIENCIAS DE LA TIERRA

Caracterización de las sequías hidrológicas en la cuenca del río Bravo, México

Hydrological drought characterization in the Rio Grande Basin, Mexico

David Ortega Gaucin (2013, [Artículo])

En el presente trabajo se realizó la caracterización de los períodos de sequía hidrológica registrados históricamente en la sección mexicana de la cuenca del río Bravo, con el objeto de proporcionar un panorama amplio del fenómeno, que sirva de base para la adecuada planeación y manejo de los recursos hídricos superficiales en la cuenca. Para ello, se analizaron las aportaciones de agua a las presas de almacenamiento que se ubican en los principales afluentes mexicanos de este río. A partir de series históricas de datos hidrométricos, se estableció la mediana de los escurrimientos y, con base en esa mediana, se determinó el déficit o incremento, lo cual a su vez permite definir la duración y severidad de los períodos de sequía. Los resultados indican que en más del 50% de los años analizados se presentó algún grado de sequía, con aportaciones inferiores a la mediana histórica de hasta -91%, y períodos secos que van de uno a 14 años consecutivos. Se concluyó que en la mayor parte de la cuenca ocurrió un período de sequía extraordinaria que se extendió prácticamente a lo largo de 14 años (1992-2005), fue el más severo y prolongado del cual se tiene registro.

Sequías Escasez de agua Río Bravo CIENCIAS FÍSICO MATEMÁTICAS Y CIENCIAS DE LA TIERRA

Medidas para afrontar la sequía en México: una visión retrospectiva

David Ortega Gaucin (2018, [Artículo])

La sequía es uno de los fenómenos naturales más complejos y que afecta a más personas en el mundo. El objetivo de este artículo es presentar una revisión de las principales medidas que han sido implementadas en las distintas etapas de la historia de México (época prehispánica, época colonial, siglos XIX, XX y XXI) para prevenir y mitigar los impactos de la sequía en la sociedad. Como parte de la metodología empleada, se realizó una clasificación de las medidas adoptadas en cada periodo, agrupándolas en dos grandes categorías: preventivas (las que se han implantado mucho antes de que suceda una sequía) y reactivas (las que se han adoptado durante el evento de sequía); a su vez, ambos tipos de medidas se subdividen en medidas sociales, tecnológicas y gubernamentales. La originalidad de esta aportación se basa en exponer que, pese a la lucha histórica de México frente a la sequía, esta no ha dejado ni dejará de ser un problema capital, por lo que es sustancial que tanto las autoridades gubernamentales como la población en general sean conscientes de la vulnerabilidad ante el peligro y de la importancia de adoptar medidas preventivas y de adaptación que conduzcan a una gestión apropiada del riesgo. Se concluye que, aunque en la actualidad tenemos mayor conocimiento científico y desarrollo tecnológico para hacer frente a la sequía, estas herramientas no constituyen por sí mismas la solución al problema, sino que son el complemento de otras acciones y estrategias de corte político, económico y social que en conjunto ayudan a contrarrestar los efectos negativos del fenómeno.

Sequías Usos del agua Historia de México Vulnerabilidad CIENCIAS FÍSICO MATEMÁTICAS Y CIENCIAS DE LA TIERRA