Simulación y validación de la reparación de ductos en servicio por la deposición directa de soldadura

LUIS DANTE MELENDEZ MORALES (2023, [Tesis de doctorado])

El transporte de hidrocarburos por ductos enterrados es la forma más segura, confiable y económica para su suministro, estos pueden extenderse grandes longitudes territoriales e inclusive atravesar países con tal de satisfacer la demanda energética. No obstante, los ductos pueden sufrir daños provocados por el ambiente, su operación o bien provocados por terceros, siendo necesario que sean intervenidos reemplazando las secciones dañadas. Las regulaciones nacionales y tratados internacionales desalientan la liberación de grandes cantidades de gas natural a la atmósfera, por demás de que un paro de suministro conlleva a desabasto energético, multas y a costosas operaciones asociadas con la rehabilitación del ducto, forzando a soldar envolventes y accesorios sin detener la operación de los ductos, esto se conoce como “soldadura en servicio”. La soldadura en servicio es un proceso tecnológico, por el cual se puede efectuar la interconexión y la reparación de ductos mientras están en operación, previo a realizar estas actividades, se requiere que dos riesgos sean evaluados: agrietamiento por hidrógeno y quemada pasante. Las simulaciones actuales y validaciones evalúan estos riesgos de forma independiente, pero debido a su interdependencia estos riesgos deben evaluarse en conjunto. Un método de reparación que no es normalmente empleado, pero con un alto potencial debido a su simplicidad y versatilidad, es la deposición directa de soldadura. En la presente investigación, se realizó una simulación numérica fluido-termo-mecánica acoplada con validación experimental, de la reparación de un tubo con flujo presurizado conteniendo un defecto interno por la deposición directa de soldadura. Por medio de la cual, es posible predecir el comportamiento estructural del ducto mientras se realiza la reparación.

La simulación numérica se efectuó con el apoyo del software ANSYS versión académica 22R2, siendo esta una herramienta de última generación capaz de contribuir en la predicción de mecanismos complejos como lo es la soldadura en servicio, incrementando con ello la seguridad y confiabilidad de estas operaciones. Cabe hacer mención, que la regulación nacional prohíbe la reparación de defectos internos por la deposición directa de soldadura, esto se debe principalmente a la falta de investigaciones validadas que respalden su viabilidad. Los resultados demostraron la efectividad de emplear este método de reparación para restaurar la resistencia mecánica de los ductos. Las inspecciones por pruebas no destructivas superficiales, subsuperficiales y volumétricas, evidenciaron que no ocurrió agrietamiento inmediatamente al finalizar la reparación y retardada (posterior a por lo menos 12 horas después de haberse finalizada la reparación, tiempo suficiente para permitir la difusión de hidrógeno atómico a hidrógeno molecular). Las curvas de tendencia de temperatura mostraron buena aproximación teniéndose una diferencia máxima de 5.09% entre los resultados numéricos y experimental. Los resultados numéricos y experimentales de la deformación perimetral a lo largo de la longitud de la tubería mostraron un comportamiento similar con una diferencia significativa del 17.7% entre los valores numéricos atribuidos a la falta de información de entrada para las propiedades de la soldadura. El análisis estructural efectuado en este estudio emplea la estimación del riesgo de quemada pasante bajo presión interna, determinado por la ocurrencia de abultamiento radial localizado. Los resultados numéricos indican que no ocurre deformación plástica relevante. Se hace una fuerte recomendación para que las evaluaciones de análisis térmico empleen la morfología actual del defecto y no solo consideren el espesor remanente del tubo. De acuerdo con la revisión bibliográfica realizada y recientemente publicada, este tipo de simulación numérica acoplada con validación experimental de la reparación de ductos en servicio por deposición directa de soldadura para la reparación de defectos internos contemplando la prevención de quemada pasante y agrietamiento por hidrógeno no ha sido realizada con anterioridad.

Hydrocarbon transportation by buried pipelines is the safest, most reliable, and economical way for its supply; these can extend long territorial distances and even cross countries with the purpose of satisfying the energy demand. However, the pipelines can suffer damages caused by their environment, their operation, or provoked by third parties, making necessary interventions to replace the damaged sections. National regulations and international agreements discourage the release of large quantities of natural gas into the atmosphere; moreover, a stop in its supply entails an energetic shortage, fines, and expensive operations associated with the pipeline rehabilitation, forcing to weld sleeves and fittings without stop the pipeline operation, this is known as “In-Service Welding”. In-Service welding is a technological process for which interconnection and repair of pipelines can be made while they are in operation; before making it, two main risks need to be assessed: hydrogen cracking and burn-through. Current simulations and validations assess these risks independently, but due to their interdependence, these risks need to be assessed in conjunction. A repair method not normally used but with high potential due to its simplicity and versatility is the direct deposition of the weld. In the present research, a fluid-thermo-mechanical coupled numerical simulation with experimental validation was done of a repair on a pipe with pressurized flow having an internal defect by direct deposition of the weld. It is possible predict the structural behavior of a pipeline while the reparation is performed.

The numerical simulation was done with the support of ANSYS software academic version 22R2, the latest generation tool able to contribute to the prediction of complex mechanisms, as is in-service welding, increasing the security and confidence of these operations. It is worth mentioning that national regulation forbids the reparation of internal defects for direct deposition of the weld; the main reason is the lack of validated investigations supporting its viability. The results demonstrated the effectiveness of using this repair method to restore the mechanical strength of pipelines. Surface, sub-surface, and volumetric non-destructive inspections evidenced no cracking immediately to finish the repair and delayed (after at least 12 hours of having finished the repair, time enough to allow the hydrogen diffusion from atomic hydrogen to molecular hydrogen). Temperature tendency curves showed good approximations, having a maximum difference of 5.09 % between numerical and experimental. Perimeter deformation along the pipe length between numerical and experimental results displayed a similar behavior with a significant difference of 17.7% against numerical values attributed to the lack of input data for weld properties. The structural analysis performed in this study used the approach of the risk of burn-through under internal pressure determined by the occurrence of localized radial bulging. Numerical results indicated no relevant plastic strain occurs. It is strongly recommended that thermal analysis assessments using the actual defect morphology be performed, not only considering the remaining thickness of the pipe. According to the bibliographic revision performed and recently published, this kind of coupled numerical simulation of in-service repair or pipelines by direct deposition for repairing internal defects considering the prevention of burn-through and hydrogen cracking has not been done.

Ducto Soldadura en servicio Quemada pasante Agrietamiento por hidrógeno Reparación de soldadura Simulación numérica Pipeline In-service welding Burn-through Hydrogen cracking Weld repair Numerical simulation INGENIERÍA Y TECNOLOGÍA CIENCIAS TECNOLÓGICAS OTRAS ESPECIALIDADES TECNOLÓGICAS OTRAS ESPECIALIDADES TECNOLÓGICAS

In-service weld repair by direct deposition: numerical simulation and experimental validation

LUIS DANTE MELENDEZ MORALES Jose Jorge Ruiz Mondragon MARICRUZ HERNANDEZ HERNANDEZ (2023, [Artículo])

In-Service Welding is a technological process for which interconnection and repair of pipelines can be made while they are in operation, before making it two main risks need to be assessed: hydrogen cracking and burn-through. Current simulations and validations assess these risks independently, but due to its interdependence these risks need to be assessed in conjunction. A repair method not normally used, but with high potential due to its simplicity and versatility is the direct deposition of weld. In the present research, a fluid-thermo-mechanical coupled simulation and validation were done of an in-service welding repair by direct deposition on a flowing pressurized pipe having an internal defect. The results demonstrated the effectiveness of using this repair method to restore the mechanical strength of pipelines. Surface, sub-surface, and volumetric non-destructive examinations evidenced no cracking immediately to finish the repair and delayed. Temperature tendency curves showed good approximations having a maximum difference of 5.09 % between numerical and experimental. Perimeter deformation along the pipe length between numerical and experimental results displayed a similar behaviour with a significant difference in the numerical values attributed to the lack of input data for weld properties. The structural analysis performed in this study used the approach of the risk of burn-through under internal pressure determined by the occurrence of localized radial bulging. Numerical results indicated no relevant plastic strain occurs. Is strongly recommended that thermal analysis assessments using the actual defect morphology would be performed, not only considering the remaining thickness of the pipe.

Declaration of Competing Interest: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

Acknowledgements: The authors gratefully acknowledge to Petropipe de Mexico for technical support, materials and equipment needed for the experimental validation. The first author wants also to acknowledge to CONAHCYT (Consejo Nacional de Humanidades, Ciencias y Tecnologías), for the post-graduate scholarship received.

In-service welding Burn-through Hydrogen cracking Weld repair INGENIERÍA Y TECNOLOGÍA CIENCIAS TECNOLÓGICAS OTRAS ESPECIALIDADES TECNOLÓGICAS OTRAS OTRAS

Rainfall water quality at Atlixco, Puebla

Margarita Teutli Andrés Armando Sánchez Erendira Moreno Gutierrez (2021, [Artículo, Artículo])

This work reports the follow up of rainfall water quality at Atlixco, Puebla during the 2018 season. The main objective of this work was to evaluate how height and pollutants define the quality of water precipitated. Samples were collected at the roof of a house in Atlixco center, and others at the roof of a convent located at the San Miguel Hill, this represents a 44 m difference in height. Chemical composition was analyzed for 19 physicochemical parameters using gravimetric and spectrophotometric techniques. Obtained results were compared with drinking water standards finding that Pb and Cd contents are exceeded. Also, it was found a strong contribution of terrestrial sources since the marine rates are above unit, as well as excess concentrations whose values go from negative to positive. Finally, Pearson correlation was obtained finding that most of chemical parameters correlations are in disagreement for both sites, fact which confirms that ionic content is strongly influenced by anthropogenic sources.

rainfall ionic content marine rates excess concentrations Lluvia contenido iónico cociente marino concentración en exceso Estudios urbanos CIENCIAS FÍSICO MATEMÁTICAS Y CIENCIAS DE LA TIERRA CIENCIAS FÍSICO MATEMÁTICAS Y CIENCIAS DE LA TIERRA

Balancing quality with quantity: a case study of UK bread wheat

Nick Fradgley Keith Gardner Stéphanie M. Swarbreck Alison Bentley (2023, [Artículo])

Grain Protein Content Environmental Sustainability End-Use Quality Modern Bread Baking Methods CIENCIAS AGROPECUARIAS Y BIOTECNOLOGÍA GRAIN PROTEIN CONTENT HISTORY QUALITY WHEAT YIELDS

Soil moisture content and maize grain yield under conventional and conservation agriculture practices - results of short term field tests in liselo, Namibia

Christian Thierfelder (2023, [Artículo])

This article focuses on the results from trials developed to monitor the short-term effects of conventionally tilled systems versus CA on soil quality and crop productivity under conditions of the major cropping systems in central, north-central and north-eastern regions of Namibia. Conventional tillage (CT), Minimum tillage (MT), Minimum tillage, mulch (MT-M), Minimum tillage, rotation (MT-R) and Minimum tillage, mulch and rotation (MT-MR) were the primary treatments tested. Significant differences (p≤0.000) among the treatments were observed in the 0-60 cm soil profiles where MT-M plots had the highest soil moisture content (39.8 mm, Standard Error of Mean 0.2815) over the study period. A significant difference (p=0.0206) in grain yield was observed in the second season with CT plots yielding the highest grain yield (3852.3 kg ha-1, standard error of mean 240.35). Results suggest that CA has the potential to increase water conservation and contribute to reduction of the risk of crop failure. Climate change driven degradation under conventional tillage necessitate alternative sustainable tillage methods. Conservation tillage methods and conservation agricultural practices that minimize soil disturbance while maintaining soil cover need to be adopted more locally as viable alternatives to conventional tillage.

Grain Yield Soil Moisture Content CIENCIAS AGROPECUARIAS Y BIOTECNOLOGÍA CONSERVATION AGRICULTURE CONVENTIONAL TILLAGE GRAIN YIELDS SOIL WATER CONTENT MAIZE

Determining factors of durum wheat bread loaf volume and alveograph characteristics under optimal, drought and heat stress conditions

Maryke Labuschagne Carlos Guzman Jose Crossa Angeline van Biljon (2023, [Artículo])

Loaf Volume Durum Wheat Flour Protein Content CIENCIAS AGROPECUARIAS Y BIOTECNOLOGÍA ALVEOGRAPHS HARD WHEAT HEAT STRESS DROUGHT STRESS

Soil CO2 efflux fluctuates in three different annual seasons in a semideciduous tropical forest in Yucatan, Mexico

El flujo de CO2 del suelo fluctúa en tres temporadas del año en un bosque tropical semideciduo de Yucatán, México

Fernando Arellano-Martín JUAN MANUEL DUPUY RADA ROBERTH ARMANDO US SANTAMARIA José Luis Andrade Torres (2022, [Artículo])

Tropical forest soils store a third of the global terrestrial carbon and control carbon dioxide (CO2) terrestrial effluxes to the atmosphere produced by root and microbial respiration. Soil CO2 efflux varies in time and space and is known to be strongly influenced by soil temperature and water content. However, little is known about the influence of seasonality on soil CO2 efflux, especially in tropical dry forests. This study evaluated soil CO2 efflux, soil temperature, and soil volumetric water content in a semideciduous tropical forest of the Yucatan Peninsula under two sites (flat areas close to and far from hills), and three seasons: dry, wet, and early dry (a transition between the rainy and dry seasons) throughout a year. Additionally, six 24-h periods of soil CO2 efflux were measured within these three seasons. The mean annual soil CO2 efflux was 4±2.2 μmol CO2 m-2 s-1, like the mean soil CO2 efflux during the early dry season. In all seasons, soil CO2 efflux increased linearly with soil moisture, which explained 45% of the spatial-temporal variation of soil CO2 efflux. Soil CO2 efflux was higher close to than far from hills in some months. The daily variation of soil CO2 efflux was less important than its spatial and seasonal variation likely due to small diel variations in temperature. Transition seasons are common in many tropical dry forests, and they should be taken into consideration to have a better understanding of the annual soil CO2 efflux, especially under future climate-change scenarios. © 2022 Mexican Society of Soil Science. All Rights Reserved.

EARLY DRY SEASON SOIL TEMPERATURE SOIL VOLUMETRIC WATER CONTENT TROPICAL DRY FOREST BIOLOGÍA Y QUÍMICA CIENCIAS DE LA VIDA BIOLOGÍA VEGETAL (BOTÁNICA) ECOLOGÍA VEGETAL ECOLOGÍA VEGETAL

Obtención de materiales nanocompuestos semiconductorsemiconductor para producción de hidrógeno por fotocatálisis heterogénea

Obtaining semiconductor-semiconductor nanocomposite materials for hydrogen production by heterogeneous photocatalysis

Yilmair Rodríguez Santillán (2023, [Tesis de maestría])

La producción de hidrógeno mediante fotocatálisis heterogénea a través del fotorreformado de metanol ha surgido como una estrategia para abordar los desafíos energéticos y ambientales actuales. Este proceso combina la conversión de una mezcla metanol/agua, con la eficiencia de la fotocatálisis para generar hidrógeno limpio y renovable. Uno de los factores más importantes en el proceso de la fotocatálisis heterogénea, es la capacidad que presenta un semiconductor para absorber luz con energía dentro del rango del espectro visible. El g-C3N4 es uno de los materiales más estudiados recientemente para la producción de hidrógeno, ya que presenta una banda prohibida de 2.7 eV, aparte de una alta estabilidad química y térmica, así como un bajo costo de producción. Sin embargo, el g-C3N4 tiene limitaciones en su eficiencia debido a la rápida recombinación del par electrón/hueco (e- /h+), lo que reduce la tasa de producción de H2. Para superar esta limitación se suelen hacer modificaciones por medio de dopantes o formando uniones con otros semiconductores, como las que se hicieron en este trabajo. El nanocompuesto que se utilizó para la producción de H2 mediante el fotorreformado de metanol es el Pt/MnCo2S4/B-g-C3N4 que consiste en una estructura formada por nitruro de carbono grafítico dopado con boro (B-g-C3N4), sulfuro de manganeso-cobalto (MnCo2S4) y platino (Pt). El B-g-C3N4 actúa como el fotocatalizador clave en la reacción de producción de H2 ya que cuenta con una estructura de banda electrónica adecuada que le permite absorber luz solar y generar pares (e-/h+) para activar la reacción. El MnCo2S4 se empleó para favorecer la separación y migración de los portadores de carga. El papel del Pt fue el de acelerar la reacción de reducción para la formación de la molécula de H2. La serie de fotocatalizadores de Pt/MnCo2S4/B-g-C3N4 que fueron sintetizados, demostraron una alta estabilidad y actividad fotocatalítica en la producción de hidrógeno a partir del fotorreformado de metanol/agua, tanto en condiciones con luz UV como en condiciones con luz visible, permitiendo alcanzar una producción de 947.9 μmol g-1 h-1 y 716.4 μmol g-1 h- respectivamente.

Hydrogen production through heterogeneous photocatalysis via methanol photoreforming has emerged as a strategy to address current energy and environmental challenges. This process combines the conversion of a methanol/water mixture with the efficiency of photocatalyst to generate clean and renewable hydrogen. One of the most crucial factors in the heterogeneous photocatalysis process is the semiconductor's ability to absorb light within the visible spectrum energy range. Recently, g-C3N4 has been extensively studied for hydrogen production due to its 2.7 eV bandgap, high chemical and thermal stability, and low production cost. However, g-C3N4 has limitations in its efficiency due to the rapid recombination of electron/hole pairs (e-/h+), which reduces the H2 production rate. To overcome this limitation, modifications are often made through dopants or forming junctions with other semiconductors, as is done in this study. The nanocomposite used for hydrogen production via methanol photoreforming is Pt/MnCo2S4/B-g-C3N4, which consists of a structure composed of borondoped graphitic carbon nitride (B-g-C3N4), manganese-cobalt sulfide (MnCo2S4) and platinum (Pt). B-gC3N4 acts as the critical photocatalyst in the H2 production reaction. It possesses an appropriate electronic band structure that absorbs solar light and generates electron-hole pairs (e-/h+) to activate the reaction. MnCo2S4 was used to promote the separation and migration of charge carriers. The role of Pt is to accelerate the reduction reaction to form H2 molecules. The series of synthesized Pt/MnCo2S4/B-g-C3N4 photocatalysts demonstrated high stability and photocatalytic activity in hydrogen production via methanol/water photoreforming, both under UV and visible light conditions, achieving a production rate of 947.9 μmol g-1 h-1 and 716.4 μmol g-1 h-1, respectively.

hidrógeno, fotocatálisis, fotorreformado, metanol, nanocompuesto hydrogen, photocatalyst, photoreforming, methanol, nanocomposite INGENIERÍA Y TECNOLOGÍA CIENCIAS TECNOLÓGICAS TECNOLOGÍA DE MATERIALES PROPIEDADES DE LOS MATERIALES PROPIEDADES DE LOS MATERIALES