Review of Nationally Determined Contributions (NCD) of China from the perspective of food systems

Tek Sapkota (2023, [Documento de trabajo])

China is the largest emitter of greenhouse gases (GHG) and one of the countries most affected by climate change. China's food systems are a major contributor to climate change: in 2018, China's food systems emitted 1.09 billion tons of carbondioxide equivalent (CO2eq) GHGs, accounting for 8.2% of total national GHG emissions and 2% of global emissions. According to the Third National Communication (TNC) Report, in 2010, GHG emissions from energy, industrial processes, agriculture, and waste accounted for 78.6%, 12.3%, 7.9%, and 1.2% of total emissions, respectively, (excluding emissions from land use, land-use change and forestry (LULUCF). Total GHG emissions from the waste sector in 2010 were 132 Mt CO2 eq, with municipal solid waste landfills accounting for 56 Mt. The average temperature in China has risen by 1.1°C over the last century (1908–2007), while nationally averaged precipitation amounts have increased significantly over the last 50 years. The sea level and sea surface temperature have risen by 90 mm and 0.9°C respectively in the last 30 years. A regional climate model predicted an annual mean temperature increase of 1.3–2.1°C by 2020 (2.3–3.3°C by 2050), while another model predicted a 1–1.6°C temperature increase and a 3.3–3.7 percent increase in precipitation between 2011 and 2020, depending on the emissions scenario. By 2030, sea level rise along coastal areas could be 0.01–0.16 meters, increasing the likelihood of flooding and intensified storm surges and causing the degradation of wetlands, mangroves, and coral reefs. Addressing climate change is a common human cause, and China places a high value on combating climate change. Climate change has been incorporated into national economic and social development plans, with equal emphasis on mitigation and adaptation to climate change, including an updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) in 2021. The following overarching targets are included in China's updated NDC: • Peaking carbon dioxide emissions “before 2030” and achieving carbon neutrality before 2060. • Lowering carbon intensity by “over 65%” by 2030 from the 2005 level. • Increasing forest stock volume by around 6 billion cubic meters in 2030 from the 2005 level. The targets have come from several commitments made at various events, while China has explained very well the process adopted to produce its third national communication report. An examination of China's NDC reveals that it has failed to establish quantifiable and measurable targets in the agricultural sectors. According to the analysis of the breakdown of food systems and their inclusion in the NDC, the majority of food system activities are poorly mentioned. China's interventions or ambitions in this sector have received very little attention. The adaptation component is mentioned in the NDC, but is not found to be sector-specific or comprehensive. A few studies have rated the Chinese NDC as insufficient, one of the reasons being its failure to list the breakdown of each sector's clear pathway to achieving its goals. China's NDC lacks quantified data on food system sub-sectors. Climate Action Trackers' "Insufficient" rating indicates that China's domestic target for 2030 requires significant improvements to be consistent with the Paris Agreement's target of 1.5°C temperature limit. Some efforts are being made: for example, scientists from the Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (IEDA-CAAS) have developed methods for calculating GHG emissions from livestock and poultry farmers that have been published as an industrial standard by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, PRC (Prof Hongmin Dong, personal communication) but this still needs to be consolidated and linked to China’s NDC. The updated Nationally Determined Contributions fall short of quantifiable targets in agriculture and food systems as a whole, necessitating clear pathways. China's NDC is found to be heavily focused on a few sectors, including energy, transportation, and urban-rural development. The agricultural sectors' and food systems' targets are vague, and China's agrifood system has a large carbon footprint. As a result, China should focus on managing the food system (production, processing, transportation, and food waste management) to reduce carbon emissions. Furthermore, China should take additional measures to make its climate actions more comprehensive, quantifiable, and measurable, such as setting ambitious and clear targets for the agriculture sector, including activity-specific GHG-reduction pathways; prioritizing food waste and loss reduction and management; promoting sustainable livestock production and low carbon diets; reducing chemical pollution; minimizing the use of fossil fuel in the agri-system and focusing on developing green jobs, technological advancement and promoting climate-smart agriculture; promoting indigenous practices and locally led adaptation; restoring degraded agricultural soils and enhancing cooperation and private partnership. China should also prepare detailed NDC implementation plans including actions and the GHG reduction from conditional targets.

CIENCIAS AGROPECUARIAS Y BIOTECNOLOGÍA GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS CLIMATE CHANGE FOOD SYSTEMS LAND USE CHANGE AGRICULTURE POLICIES DATA ANALYSIS FOOD WASTES

Review of Nationally Determined Contributions (NCD) of Kenya from the perspective of food systems

Tek Sapkota (2023, [Documento de trabajo])

Agriculture is one of the fundamental pillars of the 2022–2027 Bottom-up Economic Transformation Plan of the Government of Kenya for tackling complex domestic and global challenges. Kenya's food system is crucial for climate change mitigation and adaptation. Kenya has prioritized aspects of agriculture, food, and land use as critical sectors for reducing emissions towards achieving Vision 2030's transformation to a low-carbon, climate-resilient development pathway. Kenya's updated NDC, as well as supporting mitigation and adaptation technical analysis reports and other policy documents, has identified an ambitious set of agroecological transformative measures to promote climate-smart agriculture, regenerative approaches, and nature-positive solutions. Kenya is committed to implementing and updating its National Climate Change Action Plans (NCCAPs) to present and achieve the greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reduction targets and resilience outcomes that it has identified.

CIENCIAS AGROPECUARIAS Y BIOTECNOLOGÍA CLIMATE CHANGE GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS FOOD SYSTEMS LAND USE CHANGE AGRICULTURE POLICIES DATA ANALYSIS FOOD WASTES

Exploring the genetic diversity and population structure of wheat landrace population conserved at ICARDA genebank

Muhammad Massub Tehseen Fatma Aykut Tonk Ahmed Amri Carolina Sansaloni Ezgi Kurtulus Muhammad Salman Mubarik Kumarse Nazari (2022, [Artículo])

Wheat Landraces Genetic Diversity SNP Markers Analysis of Molecular Variance AMOVA CIENCIAS AGROPECUARIAS Y BIOTECNOLOGÍA BREEDING DISCRIMINANT ANALYSIS GENETIC VARIATION GENETIC DISTANCE GENETIC IMPROVEMENT GENETIC MARKERS HEXAPLOIDY LANDRACES POPULATION STRUCTURE SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE POLYMORPHISM TRITICUM AESTIVUM WHEAT

Más allá de los colores del amaranto

JESUS ALFREDO ARAUJO LEON Víctor Aguilar Hernández Ivonne Sánchez del Pino SERGIO RUBEN PERAZA SANCHEZ ROLFFY RUBEN ORTIZ ANDRADE Ligia Guadalupe Brito Argáez (2022, [Artículo])

El amaranto tiene una amplia gama de colores atrayentes, desde amarillos, violetas hasta rojos intensos. Esta heterogeneidad de tonalidades llamó la atención de civilizaciones que se desarrollaron en todas las latitudes del continente americano, como es el caso del imperio azteca que integró este cultivo a su cosmovisión ceremonial para ofrendas a diferentes deidades, dejando una herencia prehispánica cautivadora de su historia. Más allá de los colores, el presente trabajo tiene como objetivo abordar las propiedades nutricionales y beneficios para la salud humana de la diversidad de fitoquímicos que son responsables de los interesantes colores del amaranto.

AMARANTHACEAE AMARANTHUS BETALAINAS METABOLITOS SECUNDARIOS MEXICO SALUD HUMANA BIOLOGÍA Y QUÍMICA CIENCIAS DE LA VIDA BIOLOGÍA VEGETAL (BOTÁNICA) DESARROLLO VEGETAL DESARROLLO VEGETAL

Cultura política, violencia institucional contra las mujeres y las redes sociales: la disputa en Twitter en torno al feminicidio de Lesvy Berlín Rivera Osorio.

MARIELA DIAZ SANDOVAL ALBERTO ESPEJEL ESPINOZA (2022, [Capítulo de libro])

El 7 de septiembre de 2017, ante la Comisión Nacional para Prevenir y Erradicar la Violencia contra las Mujeres (CONAVIM), fue presentada la solicitud de Alerta de Violencia de Género (AVG) por el Centro de Derechos Humanos ¿Fray Francisco de Vitoria¿ O.P. A.C. (CDHVitoria), Justicia Pro Persona, A.C. y el Observatorio Ciudadano Nacional del Feminicidio (ONCF). Aunque en un primer momento la solicitud fue rechazada por no incluir datos que acreditaran la personalidad jurídica de las organizaciones solicitantes, en octubre de 2017 fue admitida ante la CONAVIM. Dentro de la justificación de la solicitud destacan varios casos de feminicidio donde víctimas y familiares han sufrido violencia institucional ejercida por las autoridades encargadas de la procuración de justicia.

CIENCIAS SOCIALES CIENCIA POLÍTICA SOCIOLOGÍA POLÍTICA DERECHOS HUMANOS

Caracterización de un sistema constructivo de bajo impacto ambiental para viviendas destinadas a poblaciones vulnerables

Alma Luisa (2022, [Tesis de maestría])

418 páginas. Maestría en Diseño Bioclimático.

Este trabajo tiene como objetivo mostrar los beneficios y la decisión de elegir un Sistema Constructivo de Bajo Impacto Ambiental para Viviendas destinadas a Poblaciones Vulnerables, como primera opción en las construcciones de viviendas, hablando de manera general en México. De manera particular este trabajo se desarrolló en el caso de estudio específico, en la Alcaldía Xochimilco, en el pueblo de Santa Cruz Acalpixca, en donde se realizaron diversos estudios de la tierra más adecuada, al igual que diversos tipos de test, para conocer las propiedades de la tierra y así poder desarrollar con este estudio de investigación de los elementos el proceso de construcción de una Vivienda de 67.24 m₂, la cual se está planeando efectuar. A su vez se realizaron los estudios pertinentes, los cuales muestran que la vivienda es segura y está garantizada su habitabilidad, para ejecutar la construcción de este proyecto. Durante los proyectos de construcción de Sistemas Constructivos convencionales, se realizan grandes procesos de inversión en la obtención de los materiales que proporcionen las características necesarias de resistencia y soporte para las estructuras de la edificación. A su vez la obtención de estos materiales, es la actividad que puede generar mayor cantidad de impactos adversos al ambiente y a la calidad de vida de las personas. Por ello uno de los principios de la construcción sostenible es la implementación de materiales amigables con el ambiente, con larga vida útil y que para su manipulación se requiere un consumo de energía menor que lo necesario para el manejo de los materiales convencionales. Derivado de este documento tenemos como primicia, la contribución de los beneficios de la construcción sostenible, comparados con la construcción tradicional que se ha venido implementando en la sociedad actual. El presente documento se enfocará en la selección del Sistema constructivo con sus materiales y los costos relacionados al hacer uso de ellos, los impactos ocasionados en cada una de las etapas del proyecto y el costo-beneficio que genera la construcción tradicional y la aplicación de la sostenibilidad en la misma.

This work aims to present the benefits and the decision to choose a Low Environmental Impact Construction System for Housing for Vulnerable Populations, as the first option in housing construction, generally speaking in Mexico. In particular, this work was developed in the specific case study, in the Xochimilco Mayor's Office, in the town of Santa Cruz Acalpixca, where various studies of the most suitable land were carried out, as well as various types of tests, to know the properties of the land and thus be able to develop with this research study of the elements the construction process of a House of 67.24 m₂, which is being planned. At the same time, the pertinent studies were carried out, which show that the house is safe and its habitability is guaranteed, to execute the construction of this project. During the construction projects of conventional Construction Systems, large investment processes are made in obtaining the materials that provide the necessary characteristics of resistance and support for the building structures. In turn, obtaining these materials is the activity that can generate the greatest number of adverse impacts on the environment and on people's quality of life. For this reason, one of the principles of sustainable construction is the implementation of environmentally friendly materials, with a long useful life and that require less energy consumption for their handling than is necessary for the handling of conventional materials. Derived from this document we have as a first, the contribution of the benefits of sustainable construction, compared to traditional construction that has been implemented in today's society. This document will focus on the selection of the construction system with its materials and the costs related to making use of them, the impacts caused in each of the stages of the project and the cost-benefit generated by traditional construction and the application of technology. sustainability in it.

Housing--Mexico--Mexico City. Low-income housing. Environmental impact analysis. Vivienda -- Ciudad de México. Vivienda de bajo costo. Análisis del impacto ambiental. HD7306.M4 HUMANIDADES Y CIENCIAS DE LA CONDUCTA CIENCIAS DE LAS ARTES Y LAS LETRAS ARQUITECTURA DISEÑO ARQUITECTÓNICO

Physiological and molecular aspects of seed longevity: exploring intra-species variation in eight Pisum sativum L. accessions

Maraeva Gianella Daniele Dondi Andreas Börner Anca Macovei Andrea Pagano Filippo Guzzon Alma Balestrazzi (2022, [Artículo])

Thermogravimetry CIENCIAS AGROPECUARIAS Y BIOTECNOLOGÍA CARBOHYDRATES PROLINE TOCOPHEROLS GENETICS PHYSIOLOGY PEAS SEEDS SUGARS DIFFERENTIAL SCANNING CALORIMETRY SEED LONGEVITY THERMOGRAVIMETRIC ANALYSIS

Review of Nationally Determined Contributions (NCD) of Vietnam from the perspective of food systems

Tek Sapkota (2023, [Documento de trabajo])

Over the past decades, Vietnam has significantly progressed and has transformed from being a food-insecure nation to one of the world’s leading exporters in food commodities, and from one of the world’s poorest countries to a low-middle-income country. The agriculture sector is dominated by rice and plays a vital role in food security, employment, and foreign exchange. Vietnam submitted its updated Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC) in 2022 based on the NDC 2020. There is a significant increase in greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reduction, towards the long-term goals identified in Vietnam’s National Climate Change Strategy to 2025, and efforts are being made to fulfil the commitments made at COP26. The Agriculture Sector is the second-largest contributor of GHG emissions in Vietnam, accounting for 89.75 MtCO2eq, which was about 31.6 percent of total emissions in 2014. Rice cultivation is the biggest source of emissions in the agriculture sector, accounting for 49.35% of emissions from agriculture. The total GHG removal from Land Use, Land Use Change and Forestry (LULUCF) in 2014 was -37.54 MtCO2eq, of which the largest part was from the forest land sub-sector (35.61 MtCO2eq), followed by removal from croplands (7.31 MtCO2eq) (MONRE 2019).

CIENCIAS AGROPECUARIAS Y BIOTECNOLOGÍA CLIMATE CHANGE GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS FOOD SYSTEMS LAND USE CHANGE AGRICULTURE POLICIES DATA ANALYSIS

Review of Nationally Determined Contributions (NCD) of Colombia from the perspective of food systems

Tek Sapkota (2023, [Documento de trabajo])

Food is a vital component of Colombia's economy. The impact of climate change on agriculture and food security in the country is severe. The effects have resulted in decreased production and in the productivity of agricultural soil. Desertification processes are accelerating and intensifying. Colombia's government formally submitted its Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) on December 29, 2020. This paper examines Colombia's NDC from the standpoint of the food system.

CIENCIAS AGROPECUARIAS Y BIOTECNOLOGÍA CLIMATE CHANGE GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS FOOD SYSTEMS LAND USE CHANGE AGRICULTURE POLICIES DATA ANALYSIS FOOD WASTES

Spatiotemporal analysis of rainfall and temperature variability and trends for climate resilient maize farming system in major agroecology zones of northwest Ethiopia

Kindie Tesfaye Dereje Ademe Enyew Adgo (2023, [Artículo])

Spatiotemporal studies of the annual and seasonal climate variability and trend on an agroecological spatial scale for establishing a climate-resilient maize farming system have not yet been conducted in Ethiopia. The study was carried out in three major agroecological zones in northwest Ethiopia using climate data from 1987 to 2018. The coefficient of variation (CV), precipitation concertation index (PCI), and rainfall anomaly index (RAI) were used to analyze the variability of rainfall. The Mann-Kendall test and Sen’s slope estimator were also applied to estimate trends and slopes of changes in rainfall and temperature. High-significance warming trends in the maximum and minimum temperatures were shown in the highland and lowland agroecology zones, respectively. Rainfall has also demonstrated a maximum declining trend throughout the keremt season in the highland agroecology zone. However, rainfall distribution has become more unpredictable in the Bega and Belg seasons. Climate-resilient maize agronomic activities have been determined by analyzing the onset and cessation dates and the length of the growth period (LGP). The rainy season begins between May 8 and June 3 and finishes between October 26 and November 16. The length of the growth period (LGP) during the rainy season ranges from 94 to 229 days.

Climate Trends Spatiotemporal Analysis Agroecology Zone CIENCIAS AGROPECUARIAS Y BIOTECNOLOGÍA AGROECOLOGY CLIMATE CLIMATE VARIABILITY MAIZE