The fate of rice crop residues and context-dependent greenhouse gas emissions: Model-based insights from Eastern India

Sonam Sherpa virender kumar Andrew Mcdonald (2024, [Artículo])

Crop residue burning is a common practice in many parts of the world that causes air pollution and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Regenerative practices that return residues to the soil offer a ‘no burn’ pathway for addressing air pollution while building soil organic carbon (SOC). Nevertheless, GHG emissions in rice-based agricultural systems are complex and difficult to anticipate, particularly in production contexts with highly variable hydrologic conditions. Here we predict long-term net GHG fluxes for four rice residue management strategies in the context of rice-wheat cropping systems in Eastern India: burning, soil incorporation, livestock fodder, and biochar. Estimations were based on a combination of Tier 1, 2, and 3 modelling approaches, including 100-year DNDC simulations across three representative soil hydrologic categories (i.e., dry, median, and wet). Overall, residue burning resulted in total direct GHG fluxes of 2.5, 6.1, and 8.7 Mg CO2-e in the dry, median, and wet hydrologic categories, respectively. Relative to emissions from burning (positive values indicate an increase) for the same dry to wet hydrologic categories, soil incorporation resulted in a −0.2, 1.8, or 3.1 Mg CO2-e change in emissions whereas use of residues for livestock fodder increased emissions by 2.0, 2.1, or 2.3 Mg CO2-e. Biochar reduced emissions relative to burning by 2.9 Mg CO2-e in all hydrologic categories. This study showed that the production environment has a controlling effect on methane and, therefore, net GHG balance. For example, wetter sites had 2.8–4.0 times greater CH4 emissions, on average, than dry sites when rice residues were returned to the soil. To effectively mitigate burning without undermining climate change mitigation goals, our results suggest that geographically-target approaches should be used in the rice-based systems of Eastern India to incentivize the adoption of regenerative ‘no burn’ residue management practices.

Soil Carbon Rice Residue Burning Life Cycle Assessment CIENCIAS AGROPECUARIAS Y BIOTECNOLOGÍA SOIL CARBON RICE LIFE CYCLE GREENHOUSE GASES CLIMATE CHANGE

Editorial: Evolution of abiotic stress responses in land plants

Ana Luisa Garcia-Oliveira (2023, [Artículo])

Land Plants Molecular Responses Plant Stress Biology CIENCIAS AGROPECUARIAS Y BIOTECNOLOGÍA ABIOTIC STRESS TERRESTRIAL PLANTS CLIMATE CHANGE

Review of Nationally Determined Contributions (NCD) of China from the perspective of food systems

Tek Sapkota (2023, [Documento de trabajo])

China is the largest emitter of greenhouse gases (GHG) and one of the countries most affected by climate change. China's food systems are a major contributor to climate change: in 2018, China's food systems emitted 1.09 billion tons of carbondioxide equivalent (CO2eq) GHGs, accounting for 8.2% of total national GHG emissions and 2% of global emissions. According to the Third National Communication (TNC) Report, in 2010, GHG emissions from energy, industrial processes, agriculture, and waste accounted for 78.6%, 12.3%, 7.9%, and 1.2% of total emissions, respectively, (excluding emissions from land use, land-use change and forestry (LULUCF). Total GHG emissions from the waste sector in 2010 were 132 Mt CO2 eq, with municipal solid waste landfills accounting for 56 Mt. The average temperature in China has risen by 1.1°C over the last century (1908–2007), while nationally averaged precipitation amounts have increased significantly over the last 50 years. The sea level and sea surface temperature have risen by 90 mm and 0.9°C respectively in the last 30 years. A regional climate model predicted an annual mean temperature increase of 1.3–2.1°C by 2020 (2.3–3.3°C by 2050), while another model predicted a 1–1.6°C temperature increase and a 3.3–3.7 percent increase in precipitation between 2011 and 2020, depending on the emissions scenario. By 2030, sea level rise along coastal areas could be 0.01–0.16 meters, increasing the likelihood of flooding and intensified storm surges and causing the degradation of wetlands, mangroves, and coral reefs. Addressing climate change is a common human cause, and China places a high value on combating climate change. Climate change has been incorporated into national economic and social development plans, with equal emphasis on mitigation and adaptation to climate change, including an updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) in 2021. The following overarching targets are included in China's updated NDC: • Peaking carbon dioxide emissions “before 2030” and achieving carbon neutrality before 2060. • Lowering carbon intensity by “over 65%” by 2030 from the 2005 level. • Increasing forest stock volume by around 6 billion cubic meters in 2030 from the 2005 level. The targets have come from several commitments made at various events, while China has explained very well the process adopted to produce its third national communication report. An examination of China's NDC reveals that it has failed to establish quantifiable and measurable targets in the agricultural sectors. According to the analysis of the breakdown of food systems and their inclusion in the NDC, the majority of food system activities are poorly mentioned. China's interventions or ambitions in this sector have received very little attention. The adaptation component is mentioned in the NDC, but is not found to be sector-specific or comprehensive. A few studies have rated the Chinese NDC as insufficient, one of the reasons being its failure to list the breakdown of each sector's clear pathway to achieving its goals. China's NDC lacks quantified data on food system sub-sectors. Climate Action Trackers' "Insufficient" rating indicates that China's domestic target for 2030 requires significant improvements to be consistent with the Paris Agreement's target of 1.5°C temperature limit. Some efforts are being made: for example, scientists from the Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (IEDA-CAAS) have developed methods for calculating GHG emissions from livestock and poultry farmers that have been published as an industrial standard by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, PRC (Prof Hongmin Dong, personal communication) but this still needs to be consolidated and linked to China’s NDC. The updated Nationally Determined Contributions fall short of quantifiable targets in agriculture and food systems as a whole, necessitating clear pathways. China's NDC is found to be heavily focused on a few sectors, including energy, transportation, and urban-rural development. The agricultural sectors' and food systems' targets are vague, and China's agrifood system has a large carbon footprint. As a result, China should focus on managing the food system (production, processing, transportation, and food waste management) to reduce carbon emissions. Furthermore, China should take additional measures to make its climate actions more comprehensive, quantifiable, and measurable, such as setting ambitious and clear targets for the agriculture sector, including activity-specific GHG-reduction pathways; prioritizing food waste and loss reduction and management; promoting sustainable livestock production and low carbon diets; reducing chemical pollution; minimizing the use of fossil fuel in the agri-system and focusing on developing green jobs, technological advancement and promoting climate-smart agriculture; promoting indigenous practices and locally led adaptation; restoring degraded agricultural soils and enhancing cooperation and private partnership. China should also prepare detailed NDC implementation plans including actions and the GHG reduction from conditional targets.

CIENCIAS AGROPECUARIAS Y BIOTECNOLOGÍA GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS CLIMATE CHANGE FOOD SYSTEMS LAND USE CHANGE AGRICULTURE POLICIES DATA ANALYSIS FOOD WASTES

Can I speak to the manager? The gender dynamics of decision-making in Kenyan maize plots

Rachel Voss Zachary Gitonga Jason Donovan Mariana Garcia-Medina Pauline Muindi (2023, [Artículo])

Gender and social inclusion efforts in agricultural development are focused on making uptake of agricultural technologies more equitable. Yet research looking at how gender relations influence technology uptake often assumes that men and women within a household make farm management decisions as individuals. Relatively little is understood about the dynamics of agricultural decision-making within dual-adult households where individuals’ management choices are likely influenced by others in the household. This study used vignettes to examine decision-making related to maize plot management in 698 dual-adult households in rural Kenya. The results indicated a high degree of joint management of maize plots (55%), although some management decisions—notably those related to purchased inputs—were slightly more likely to be controlled by men, while other decisions—including those related to hiring of labor and maize end uses—were more likely to be made by women. The prevalence of joint decision-making underscores the importance of ensuring that both men’s and women’s priorities and needs are reflected in design and marketing of interventions to support maize production, including those related to seed systems, farmer capacity building, and input delivery.

Intrahousehold Jointness CIENCIAS AGROPECUARIAS Y BIOTECNOLOGÍA GENDER HOUSEHOLDS MAIZE SEED SYSTEMS DECISION MAKING

Editorial: Conservation agriculture: knowledge frontiers around the world

Stéphane Cordeau ML JAT Cameron Pittelkow Christian Thierfelder (2023, [Artículo])

No-Tillage Direct Seeding Cover Crops Crop Diversification CIENCIAS AGROPECUARIAS Y BIOTECNOLOGÍA COVER PLANTS DIVERSIFICATION CROPPING SYSTEMS DIRECT SOWING ZERO TILLAGE

Transformando sistemas agroalimentarios en CentroSur-Sureste de Mexico: Innovación para sustentabilidad, competitividad y inclusión

Jelle Van Loon (2022, [Objeto de congreso])

CIENCIAS AGROPECUARIAS Y BIOTECNOLOGÍA AGRIFOOD SYSTEMS BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION FOOD SECURITY SUSTAINABLE INTENSIFICATION

Hacia una agricultura sustentable: Impacto de la red de colaboraciones

Jelle Van Loon (2022, [Objeto de congreso])

CIENCIAS AGROPECUARIAS Y BIOTECNOLOGÍA AGRIFOOD SYSTEMS BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION FOOD SECURITY CONSERVATION AGRICULTURE

Seed systems in Sudan: an annotated bibliography

Hugo De Groote Paswel Marenya (2023, [Libro])

CIENCIAS AGROPECUARIAS Y BIOTECNOLOGÍA SEED SYSTEMS SEED INDUSTRY BIBLIOGRAPHIES

Diseño y activismo artístico

Olivia Fragoso-Susunaga (2023, [Capítulo de libro])

En el 2015, las Naciones Unidas proponen una serie de objetivos dirigidos a convocar a los habitantes del mundo a realizar acciones orientadas a acabar con la pobreza, mejorar las condiciones del planeta y lograr que, para el 2030, todas las personas puedan gozar de paz y bienestar. A estos objetivos se les conoce como los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible (ODS). La educación superior juega un papel fundamental en el logro de los ODS. La UAM y, en el caso que nos compete, el CyAD están llamados a colaborar en esta tarea que nos involucra a todos y todas quienes formamos la comunidad universitaria. Este trabajo es una reflexión sobre la importancia que tiene la formación en activismo artístico en la educación del diseño para el logro de los ODS. Se propone que enfatizar el vínculo entre el diseño y el activismo artístico es parte de un escenario futuro indiscutiblemente necesario en el currículo de licenciatura en el CyAD.

In 2015, the United Nations proposed a series of goals aimed at calling on the world’s inhabitants to take action to end poverty, improve the conditions of the planet and ensure that by 2030 all people can enjoy peace and well-being. These goals are known as the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Higher education plays a fundamental role in the achievement of the SDGs, the UAM and, in the case that concerns us, the CyAD are called to collaborate in this task that involves all of us who form the university community. This work is a reflection on the importance of training in artistic activism in design education for the achievement of the SDGs. It is proposed that emphasizing the link between design and art activism is part of an indisputably necessary future scenario in the undergraduate curriculum at CyAD.

Activismo artístico, educación del diseño, cultura. Artistic activism, design education, culture. Sustainable Development Goals. Art and social action. Education, Higher--Social aspects. Educational change. Artists--Political activity. Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana. Unidad Azcapotzalco. División de Ciencias y Artes para el Diseño. Desarrollo sustentable. Participación social. Cambio educativo. NX180.P64 HUMANIDADES Y CIENCIAS DE LA CONDUCTA CIENCIAS DE LAS ARTES Y LAS LETRAS

Propuesta paisajística integral para la UAM, Unidad Azcapotzalco

Cynthia García Marín (2023, [Tesis de maestría])

315 páginas. Maestría en Diseño, Planificación y Conservación de Paisajes y Jardines.

En México, la educación superior comienza en 1521 cuando la universidad se crea como institución educativa, inaugurando en 1553 La Real y Pontificia Universidad de México. En 1910 se funda la Universidad Nacional de México y en 1954 fue inaugurada la Ciudad Universitaria de la UNAM, esta fecha representa un hito en la historia de los espacios físicos de las universidades mexicanas. Debido a la demanda de educación superior y al movimiento estudiantil de 1968, se concibe la idea de crear una nueva universidad en la ZONA METROPOLITANA de la Ciudad de México, la Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana con sus Unidades al norte, al oriente y al sur, posteriormente se abrieron 2 Unidades más. Cada una de estas Unidades funciona de manera independiente, teniendo sus propios órganos de decisión, lo que se refleja en la planta física de conjunto. Es al norte de la ciudad donde surge la Unidad Azcapotzalco, que con el paso de los años se ha ido conformando de acuerdo a sus necesidades inmediatas tratando de seguir el proyecto inicial, sin embargo, debido a los ajustes en sus diferentes intervenciones arquitectónicas, se ha propiciado una falta de integración entre el espacio arquitectónico y el espacio abierto impactando directamente en el paisaje y en la pérdida gradual de identidad de la Unidad. Este trabajo reúne la información que describe la conformación del paisaje en la Unidad a lo largo de casi 50 años, en donde se analizan los componentes del paisaje en sus diferentes sistemas; ecológico-conformación medioambiental, sociocultural-conformación de la estructura urbana, polisensorial-conformación a través de los sentidos y su contexto histórico-conformación a través del tiempo. Esta identificación, permite realizar el análisis detallado de los factores que intervienen directa e indirectamente en el estado actual del paisaje de la Unidad, con este diagnóstico se elabora una síntesis creativa que especifica las limitaciones y potencialidades que afectan la conformación del espacio abierto. A partir de esto se elaboró un plan maestro, que integra las principales líneas de acción, estructuradas en ejes de diseño que tienen como propósito ordenar y facilitar la programación para mejorar las condiciones actuales por medio de acciones específicas que contribuyan al mejoramiento, conservación y creación de un paisaje que se integre en su conjunto y permita a la UAM-Azcapotzalco ser revalorizada como un sitio con identidad y con valores históricos, sociales, estéticos, biológicos y paisajísticos.

In Mexico, higher education began in 1521 when the university was created as an educational institution, inaugurating in 1553 La Real y Pontificia Universidad de México. The National University of Mexico was founded in 1910 and the UNAM University City was inaugurated in 1954, this date represents a milestone in the history of the physical spaces of Mexican universities. Due to the demand for higher education and the student movement of 1968, the idea of creating a new university in the METROPOLITAN ZONE of Mexico City was conceived, the Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana with its Units to the north, east and south, later 2 more Units were opened. Each one of these Units works independently, having its own decision-making bodies, which is reflected in the physical plant as a whole. It is to the north of the city where the Azcapotzalco Unit arises, which over the years has had to conform according to its immediate needs trying to follow the initial project, however, due to adjustments in its different architectural interventions, a lack of integration between the architectural space and the open space has been fostered, directly impacting the landscape and the gradual loss of identity of the Unit. This work gathers the information that describes the conformation of the landscape in the Unit over almost 50 years, where the components of the landscape in its different systems are analyzed; ecological-environmental conformation, sociocultural-conformation of the urban structure, polysensory-conformation through the senses and its historical context-conformation through time. This identification allows a detailed analysis of the factors that intervene directly and indirectly in the current state of the landscape of the Unit, with this diagnosis a creative synthesis is elaborated that specifies the limitations and potentialities that affect the conformation of the open space. Based on this, a master plan was prepared, which integrates the main lines of action, structured into design axes whose purpose is to order and facilitate programming to improve current conditions through specific actions that contribute to the improvement, conservation and creation of a landscape that is integrated as a whole and allows the UAM-Azcapotzalco to be revalued as a site with identity and with historical, social, aesthetic, biological and landscape values.

Paisaje, universidad, conformación, diagnóstico, lineamientos, identidad, integrar, revalorizar, plan maestro, propuesta. Landscape, university, conformation, diagnosis, guidelines, identity, integrate, revalue, master plan, proposal. Landscape design. Landscape assessment. Landscape changes. Landscapes--Social aspects. Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana. Diseño de paisajes. Evaluación del paisaje. Cambios de paisaje. SB472.45 HUMANIDADES Y CIENCIAS DE LA CONDUCTA CIENCIAS DE LAS ARTES Y LAS LETRAS ARQUITECTURA JARDINES Y PARQUES