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Microbiological Analysis of the Air in a Popular Fish Processing and Marketing Area

Angélica Sinaí Quintanilla Martínez Lizet Aguirre Güitrón Luis Daniel Espinosa Chaurand MAYRA DIAZ RAMIREZ ALEJANDRO DE JESUS CORTES SANCHEZ (2022, [Artículo])

"Fish are marketed as a food and consumed worldwide. During the production of food, contamination by microorganisms is possible through the air, soil, water, surfaces, food handlers, etc. The air does not have a natural microbial composition, but it is a vehicle for the transmission of microorganisms of economic and health interest because they are associated with food spoilage and human diseases. The objective of this study was the microbiological analysis of the air in an area popular for the processing and marketing of fish products in the city of Tepic Nayarit. Using the passive or sedimentation method to collect microorganisms present in the air, the proportion of aerobic mesophile bacteria, coliform bacteria, fungi and yeast was determined at different locations in the fish processing and marketing area for four weeks. The results indicated that the aerobic mesophiles had the highest counts among all the microbial groups analyzed at the twelve different sampling points during the four weeks of the study; their numbers ranged from 2.44 to 2.95 log CFU/m3/h, followed by molds with counts from 1.44 to 2.75 log CFU/m3/h, yeasts with counts from 0.7 to 2.01 log CFU/m3/h and coliforms with counts that ranged from 0.7 to 1.68 log CFU/m3/h. We determined the proportion of the viable microbiological population present in the air at the different sampling points of the study area; several of these sampling points presented values above those recommended by various agencies around the world. Knowledge of the biological hazards transported through the air is important to establish and reduce the risk to the health of occupants and the contamination pathways of processed and marketed fishery products that may be associated with spoilage and foodborne diseases."

food safety, food quality, air pollution, airborne biohazard, environmental monitoring INGENIERÍA Y TECNOLOGÍA CIENCIAS TECNOLÓGICAS TECNOLOGÍA DE LOS ALIMENTOS HIGIENE DE LOS ALIMENTOS HIGIENE DE LOS ALIMENTOS

Diseño de una red de dispositivos inalámbricos para monitorear la calidad del aire en interiores

FRIDA JENNY DE LA ROSA ANDRADE (2023, [Tesis de maestría])

No cabe duda de que la contaminación ambiental siempre a existido, y es una consecuencia

producida por las diferentes actividades que el ser humano ha realizado a lo largo de su

desarrollo y evolución tecnológica, por lo que conlleva a muchas repercusiones en la

integridad física del ambiente. Las actividades de desarrollo, como la construcción, el

transporte y la fabricación, no solo agotan los recursos naturales, sino que también producen

una gran cantidad de desechos que conducen a la contaminación del aire, el agua, el suelo y

los océanos, dando pie a los problemas más preocupantes del ser humano, tal es el caso del

calentamiento global, las lluvias acidas. Hoy en día la contaminación del aire se considera

un tema de gran importancia puesto que, es uno de los principales problemas en las zonas

más urbanizadas del mundo, y se encuentra presente tanto en los países desarrollados como

en los no desarrollados, por ello surge la necesidad de conocer que tan contaminado se

encuentra el aire que se respira.

El estándar de calidad del aire es una táctica para establecer las condiciones del aire desde un

grado de pureza, hasta una calidad critica perjudicial para el deterioro de la salud humana,

haciendo referencia a la cantidad de contaminación presente en el aire, definiéndola ya sea

de alta calidad con un nivel bajo de contaminación o una mala calidad con un nivel elevado

de concentración de contaminación en el aire.

En este proyecto se diseñará una Red de dispositivos inalámbricos para el análisis y

monitoreo de la calidad del aire en interiores, con la finalidad de fungir como un medidor de

contaminación que le permita a las personas darse cuenta de que tan contaminados están sus

hogares. Por tal motivo en el desarrollo de este proyecto se hará uso de un microcontrolador

Arduino IDE, un Node-red y un phpMyadmin para el análisis y monotoreo constante de

diversos gases como CO, CO2, metano, nitrógeno y O2. Cabe mencionar que este escrito se

ha dividido en 4 capítulos en los cuales se explica detalladamente todos y cada uno de los

procesos llevado a cabo para la elaboración y el desarrollo de este proyecto.

There is no doubt that environmental pollution has always existed, and is a consequence

produced by the different activities that human beings have carried out throughout their

development and technological evolution, which leads to many repercussions on the physical

integrity of the environment. Development activities such as construction, transportation and

manufacturing not only deplete natural resources but also produce a large amount of waste

leading to pollution of air, water, soil and oceans, giving rise to to the most worrying problems

of human beings, such as global warming and acid rain. Nowadays, air pollution is considered

an issue of great importance since it is one of the main problems in the most urbanized areas

of the world, and is present in both developed and undeveloped countries, which is why the

need to know how contaminated the air you breathe is.

The air quality standard is a tactic to establish air conditions from a degree of purity to a

critical quality harmful to the deterioration of human health, referring to the amount of

pollution present in the air, defining it either high quality with a low level of contamination

or poor quality with a high level of concentration of contamination in the air.

In this project, a network of wireless devices will be designed for the analysis and monitoring

of indoor air quality, with the purpose of serving as a pollution meter that allows people to

realize how polluted their homes are. For this reason, in the development of this project, an

Arduino IDE microcontroller, a Node-red and a phpMyadmin will be used for the analysis

and constant monitoring of various gases such as CO, CO2, methane, nitrogen and O2. It is

worth mentioning that this writing has been divided into 4 chapters in which each and every

one of the processes carried out for the preparation and development of this project is

explained in detail.

BIOLOGÍA Y QUÍMICA QUÍMICA Red de dispositivos inalámbricos, análisis monitoreo, calidad, riesgo, contaminación. Network of wireless devices, monitoring analysis, quality, risk, contamination.

Rapid effects of marine reserves via larval dispersal

Richard Cudney Bueno (2009, [Artículo])

Marine reserves have been advocated worldwide as conservation and fishery management tools. It is argued that they can protect ecosystems and also benefit fisheries via density-dependent spillover of adults and enhanced larval dispersal into fishing areas. However, while evidence has shown that marine reserves can meet conservation targets, their effects on fisheries are less understood. In particular, the basic question of if and over what temporal and spatial scales reserves can benefit fished populations via larval dispersal remains unanswered. We tested predictions of a larval transport model for a marine reserve network in the Gulf of California, Mexico, via field oceanography and repeated density counts of recently settled juvenile commercial mollusks before and after reserve establishment. We show that local retention of larvae within a reserve network can take place with enhanced, but spatially-explicit, recruitment to local fisheries. Enhancement occurred rapidly (2 yrs), with up to a three-fold increase in density of juveniles found in fished areas at the downstream edge of the reserve network, but other fishing areas within the network were unaffected. These findings were consistent with our model predictions. Our findings underscore the potential benefits of protecting larval sources and show that enhancement in recruitment can be manifested rapidly. However, benefits can be markedly variable within a local seascape. Hence, effects of marine reserve networks, positive or negative, may be overlooked when only focusing on overall responses and not considering finer spatially-explicit responses within a reserve network and its adjacent fishing grounds. Our results therefore call for future research on marine reserves that addresses this variability in order to help frame appropriate scenarios for the spatial management scales of interest. © 2009 Cudney-Bueno et al.

article, environmental monitoring, fishery, larva, marine environment, marine species, Mexico, mollusc, nonhuman, oceanography, prediction, animal, biology, environmental protection, food industry, geography, growth, development and aging, larva, met CIENCIAS FÍSICO MATEMÁTICAS Y CIENCIAS DE LA TIERRA CIENCIAS DE LA TIERRA Y DEL ESPACIO OCEANOGRAFÍA OCEANOGRAFÍA

Movements of scalloped hammerhead sharks (Sphyrna lewini) at Cocos Island, Costa Rica and between oceanic islands in the Eastern Tropical Pacific

Elena Nalesso (2019, [Artículo])

Many species of sharks form aggregations around oceanic islands, yet their levels of residency and their site specificity around these islands may vary. In some cases, the waters around oceanic islands have been designated as marine protected areas, yet the conservation value for threatened shark species will depend greatly on how much time they spend within these protected waters. Eighty-four scalloped hammerhead sharks (Sphyrna lewini Griffith & Smith), were tagged with acoustic transmitters at Cocos Island between 2005–2013. The average residence index, expressed as a proportion of days present in our receiver array at the island over the entire monitoring period, was 0.52±0.31, implying that overall the sharks are strongly associated with the island. Residency was significantly greater at Alcyone, a shallow seamount located 3.6 km offshore from the main island, than at the other sites. Timing of presence at the receiver locations was mostly during daytime hours. Although only a single individual from Cocos was detected on a region-wide array, nine hammerheads tagged at Galapagos and Malpelo travelled to Cocos. The hammerheads tagged at Cocos were more resident than those visiting from elsewhere, suggesting that the Galapagos and Malpelo populations may use Cocos as a navigational waypoint or stopover during seasonal migrations to the coastal Central and South America. Our study demonstrates the importance of oceanic islands for this species, and shows that they may form a network of hotspots in the Eastern Tropical Pacific. © 2019 Nalesso et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

article, Cocos Island, human, monitoring, nonhuman, resident, shark, South America, animal, Costa Rica, environmental protection, island (geological), movement (physiology), physiology, season, shark, Animals, Conservation of Natural Resources, Costa CIENCIAS FÍSICO MATEMÁTICAS Y CIENCIAS DE LA TIERRA CIENCIAS DE LA TIERRA Y DEL ESPACIO OCEANOGRAFÍA OCEANOGRAFÍA