Plantas vs. insectos Uso del arsenal natural defensivo de las plantas cultivadas contra insectos plaga

ROBERTO RAFAEL RUIZ SANTIAGO Horacio Salomón Ballina Gómez ESAU RUIZ SANCHEZ (2023, [Artículo])

En las zonas de cultivo agrícolas acontece una batalla entre dos grupos, las plantas de interés económico y los insectos hambrientos que gustan de las fibras y savias de las plantas. Sin embargo, las plantas cuentan con estrategias defensivas para su supervivencia a factores externos y al daño causado por los insectos. Diversos estudios han explorado las características defensivas físicas, fisiológicas y químicas, y su relación con el daño ocasionado por los insectos. En este trabajo se pretende dar a conocer estudios en los que se ha demostrado el uso del arsenal natural de las plantas contra plagas agrícolas.

AGRICULTURA DEFENSA DEFOLIACION FITOFAGOS INSECTOS BIOLOGÍA Y QUÍMICA CIENCIAS DE LA VIDA BIOLOGÍA VEGETAL (BOTÁNICA) ECOLOGÍA VEGETAL ECOLOGÍA VEGETAL

El huevo de traspatio: características físicas y desempeño en pruebas de incubación artificial

The backyard egg: physical characteristics and performance in artificial incubation tests

MARCO ANTONIO CAMACHO ESCOBAR MARTHA PATRICIA JEREZ SALAS JUAN CARLOS GARCIA LOPEZ SERAFIN JACOBO LOPEZ GARRIDO EDGAR IVAN SANCHEZ BERNAL (2019, [Artículo])

El huevo de traspatio es de tamaño variable, en comparación con el huevo incubable comercial. El objetivo fue incubar huevo de traspatio para conocer las características físicas y desempeño en pruebas de incubación artificial. Se incubaron 1129 huevos: 1002 de gallinas criollas, 68 de gallinas araucanas y 59 de pava. Las variables evaluadas fueron peso, eje longitudinal, diámetro máximo polar, diámetro ecuatorial, diámetro mínimo polar e índice de forma, cascarón quebrado o cascarón sucio, fertilidad, incubabilidad y mortalidad embrionaria total, temprana, intermedia y tardía. El huevo de pava tuvo mayor peso, eje longitudinal, diámetro máximo polar, diámetro ecuatorial, diámetro mínimo polar y fertilidad (p < 0.05), también tuvo menor índice de forma que los huevos de gallina criolla y gallina araucana (p < 0.05). El huevo de gallina araucana presentó mayor incubabilidad y menor mortalidad embrionaria total (p < 0.05). Las características y desempeño del huevo criollo son diferentes al huevo incubable; por ello, los criterios de uniformidad e incubación comercial no le son, precisamente, adecuados para la incubación

The backyard egg is small in comparison with the incubating egg. The objective was to incubate backyard eggs to know physical characteristics and performance in artificial incubation tests. 1129 eggs were incubated: 1002 creole hens’ eggs, 68 araucana hens’ eggs and 59 turkeys’ eggs. The evaluated variables were weight, longitudinal axis, maximum polar diameter, equatorial diameter, polar minimum diameter, shape index, broken shell or dirty shell, fertility, hatchability, and total early, intermediate, and late embryonic mortality. The turkey egg had greater weight, length, maximum polar diameter, equatorial diameter, minimum polar diameter and fertility (p < 0.05). They also had a lower rate of form than the eggs of the creole and araucanian hens (p < 0.05). The araucanian chicken egg showed greater hatchability and lower total embryonic mortality (p < 0.05). The characteristics and performance of the creole egg are different from the incubable egg; therefore, the criteria of uniformity and commercial incubation are not, precisely, suitable for incubation

CIENCIAS AGROPECUARIAS Y BIOTECNOLOGÍA Gallina araucana Gallina criolla Guajolote Incubabilidad Pava Araucana hen Creole hen Turkey hen Hatchability Guajolote

The contribution of strong and weak ties to resilience: The case of small-scale maize farming systems in Mexico

Tania Carolina Camacho Villa Ernesto Adair Zepeda Villarreal Julio Díaz-José Roberto Rendon-Medel Bram Govaerts (2023, [Artículo])

Social Network Analysis Farm Typologies Social Ties Strong Ties CIENCIAS AGROPECUARIAS Y BIOTECNOLOGÍA INNOVATION NETWORKS PERSISTENCE SOCIAL NETWORK ANALYSIS MAIZE FARMING SYSTEMS

Agricultural emissions reduction potential by improving technical efficiency in crop production

Arun Khatri-Chhetri Tek Sapkota sofina maharjan Paresh Shirsath (2023, [Artículo])

CONTEXT: Global and national agricultural development policies normally tend to focus more on enhancing farm productivity through technological changes than on better use of existing technologies. The role of improving technical efficiency in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions reduction from crop production is the least explored area in the agricultural sector. But improving technical efficiency is necessary in the context of the limited availability of existing natural resources (particularly land and water) and the need for GHG emission reduction from the agriculture sector. Technical efficiency gains in the production process are linked with the amount of input used nd the cost of production that determines both economic and environmental gains from the better use of existing technologies. OBJECTIVE: To assess a relationship between technical efficiency and GHG emissions and test the hypothesis that improving technical efficiency reduces GHG emissions from crop production. METHODS: This study used input-output data collected from 10,689 rice farms and 5220 wheat farms across India to estimate technical efficiency, global warming potential, and emission intensity (GHG emissions per unit of crop production) under the existing crop production practices. The GHG emissions from rice and wheat production were estimated using the CCAFS Mitigation Options Tool (CCAFS-MOT) and the technical efficiency of production was estimated through a stochastic production frontier analysis. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Results suggest that improving technical efficiency in crop production can reduce emission intensity but not necessarily total emissions. Moreover, our analysis does not support smallholders tend to be technically less efficient and the emissions per unit of food produced by smallholders can be relatively high. Alarge proportion of smallholders have high technical efficiency, less total GHG emissions, and low emissions intensity. This study indicates the levels of technical efficiency and GHG emission are largely influenced by farming typology, i.e. choice and use of existing technologies and management practices in crop cultivation. SIGNIFICANCE: This study will help to promote existing improved technologies targeting GHG emissions reduction from the agriculture production systems.

Technical Efficiency Interventions CIENCIAS AGROPECUARIAS Y BIOTECNOLOGÍA MITIGATION PRODUCTIVITY CROP PRODUCTION GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS

Smallholder maize yield estimation using satellite data and machine learning in Ethiopia

Zhe Guo Jordan Chamberlin Liangzhi You (2023, [Artículo])

The lack of timely, high-resolution data on agricultural production is a major challenge in developing countries where such information can guide the allocation of scarce resources for food security, agricultural investment, and other objectives. While much research has suggested that remote sensing can potentially help address these gaps, few studies have indicated the immediate potential for large-scale estimations over both time and space. In this study we described a machine learning approach to estimate smallholder maize yield in Ethiopia, using well-measured and broadly distributed ground truth data and freely available spatiotemporal covariates from remote sensing. A neural networks model outperformed other algorithms in our study. Importantly, our work indicates that a model developed and calibrated on a previous year's data could be used to reasonably estimate maize yield in the subsequent year. Our study suggests the feasibility of developing national programs for the routine generation of broad-scale and high-resolution estimates of smallholder maize yield, including seasonal forecasts, on the basis of machine learning algorithms, well-measured ground control data, and currently existing time series satellite data.

Sentinel-2 Smallholder Agriculture Yield Prediction CIENCIAS AGROPECUARIAS Y BIOTECNOLOGÍA INTENSIFICATION SMALLHOLDERS AGRICULTURE YIELD FORECASTING

Desarrollo de un modelo numérico para evaluar el ambiente de invernaderos dedicados a la producción intensiva de tomate

CRUZ ERNESTO AGUILAR RODRIGUEZ (2020, [Tesis de doctorado])

Tesis (Doctor en Ciencias y Tecnología del Agua) -- Instituto Mexicano de Tecnología del Agua. Coordinación de Desarrollo Profesional e Institucional. Subcoordinación de Posgrado.

La evaluación del impacto de las variables climáticas en un invernadero ayuda a determinar ciclos de cultivos y también al uso estratégico de insumos. Técnicas experimentales, numéricas y analíticas se han desarrollado para el estudio del ambiente en un invernadero con el propósito de predecir calidad y cantidad de producción agrícola. Este trabajo de investigación analiza y aporta información sobre la función que tiene el clima diurno y nocturno, en conjunto con un análisis espacial en un invernadero. En particular, la temperatura como variable prioritaria del clima es utilizada para definir gradientes térmicos del invernadero, y a partir de allí estimar la duración del ciclo de producción de tomate en función de grados días calor. También, esta investigación evaluó el efecto que tienen los calefactores eléctricos sobre la homogeneización de temperatura en periodos críticos de baja temperatura para producción de tomate. Adicionalmente, se han estudiado las consecuencias de condiciones de operación de un invernadero en la concentración de vapor de agua e intensidad del infrarrojo cercano.

Tomate Invernaderos Modelaciones numéricas Gradientes térmicos CIENCIAS AGROPECUARIAS Y BIOTECNOLOGÍA

Sistemas de producción sostenibles y redes de innovación

Jelle Van Loon (2022, [Objeto de congreso])

CIENCIAS AGROPECUARIAS Y BIOTECNOLOGÍA PRODUCTION SYSTEMS INNOVATION PRODUCTION SYSTEMS AGRIFOOD SYSTEMS

Las nuevas redes de centros de desarrollo tecnológico aplicado. Una aproximación al caso británico

Germán Herrera Bartis Patricia Gutti (2023, [Artículo, Artículo])

Este trabajo lleva a cabo un análisis de la experiencia de Catapult, un programa guberna­mental del Reino Unido surgido una década atrás consistente en la creación y sosteni­miento de una red de nuevos centros de desarrollo tecnológico aplicado destinados a atender las demandas y requerimientos de los actores productivos privados de dicho país. A través del análisis de numerosos documentos oficiales, auditorías del programa y entre­vistas a actores clave el artículo analiza las características centrales de la política en cues­tión, incluyendo los elementos que definen la gobernanza del sistema, el esquema de fi­nanciamiento vigente, el alcance de las actividades tecnológicas de los centros y su vínculo con las empresas privadas.

Tecnología Innovación Desarrollo tecnológico Política industrial Reino Unido CIENCIAS SOCIALES CIENCIAS SOCIALES

Abduction according to Peirce: reflections from the south on the crisis of representation brought on by COVID-19

Paulina Aroch (2023, [Artículo, Artículo])

In this article, I reflect on the importance of abductive thinking for processes of material and conceptual reinvention in the context of the current public health crisis. Inseparable from the climate change engulfing the planet, this crisis provides the basis for a semiotic revolution. Therefore, I interrogate Peirce’s work without losing sight of my own time and place of interlocution. COVID-19 has brought with it a crisis of representation which, in contrast to that unleashed by the Holocaust and World War II, and to which the Frankfurt School responded, demands responses from the Global South. Beginning from Dussel’s call to defend life as a matter of ethical urgency in the face of its irresponsible objectification within colonial capitalist modernity –which arguably triggered the pandemic–, I trace a “nocturnal map” that registers the present meaning-making crisis, and allows for a reimagining and remaking of the world from elsewhere.

estudios de la comunicación semiótica crítica Sur Global crisis de representación COVID-19 HUMANIDADES Y CIENCIAS DE LA CONDUCTA HUMANIDADES Y CIENCIAS DE LA CONDUCTA Critical theory interdisciplinarity Global South crisis of representation

Multicriteria assessment of alternative cropping systems at farm level. A case with maize on family farms of South East Asia

Santiago Lopez-Ridaura (2023, [Artículo])

CONTEXT: Integration of farms into markets with adoption of maize as a cash crop can significantly increase income of farms of the developing world. However, in some cases, the income generated may still be very low and maize production may also have strong negative environmental and social impacts. OBJECTIVE: Maize production in northern Laos is taken as a case to study how far can farms' performance be improved with improved crop management of maize with the following changes at field level: good timing and optimal soil preparation and sowing, allowing optimal crop establishment and low weed infestation. METHODS: We compared different farm types' performance on locally relevant criteria and indicators embodying the three pillars of sustainability (environmental, economic and social). An integrated assessment approach was combined with direct measurement of indicators in farmers' fields to assess eleven criteria of local farm sustainability. A bio-economic farm model was used for scenario assessment in which changes in crop management and the economic environment of farms were compared to present situation. The farm model was based on mathematical programming maximizing income under constraints related to i) household composition, initial cash and rice stocks and land type, and ii) seasonal balances of cash, labour and food. The crop management scenarios were built based on a diagnosis of the causes of variations in the agronomic and environmental performances of cropping systems, carried out in farmers' fields. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Our study showed that moderate changes in crop management on maize would improve substantially farm performance on 4 to 6 criteria out of the 11 assessed, depending on farm types. The improved crop management of maize had a high economic attractiveness for every farm type simulated (low, medium and high resource endowed farms) even at simulated production costs more than doubling current costs of farmers' practices. However, while an improvement of the systems performance was attained in terms of agricultural productivity, income generation, work and ease of work, herbicide leaching, improved soil quality and nitrogen balance, trade-offs were identified with other indicators such as erosion control and cash outflow needed at the beginning of the cropping season. SIGNIFICANCE: Using farm modelling for multicriteria assessment of current and improved maize cropping systems for contrasted farm types helped capture main opportunities and constraints on local farm sustainability, and assess the trade-offs that new options at field level may generate at farm level.

Bio-Economic Farm Model Smallholder Farms CIENCIAS AGROPECUARIAS Y BIOTECNOLOGÍA CASH CROPS INDICATORS SMALLHOLDERS CROPPING SYSTEMS MAIZE