Development of Multifunctional Polymeric Catalyst and their Application In Polyester Recycling (Desarrollo de Catalizadores Poliméricos Multifuncionales y su Aplicación en la Depolimerización de Poliésteres)

VICTOR DANIEL LECHUGA ISLAS (2022, [Otro, Trabajo de grado, doctorado])

This thesis was conducted at the Centro de Investigación en Química Aplicada (CIQA, Mexico), and the Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena (FSUJ, Germany), both institutions are gratefully acknowledged.

This project would not have been possible without the support of many people. I am foremost grateful to my supervisors: Dr. Carlos Guerrero Sánchez for his outstanding ideas, guides, help, and prolific supervision during this project, and Dr. Ramiro Guerrero Santos for his constructive comments and vision to strive toward excellent research. I had a great time during this project. Thank you for all the confidence you entrusted me with.

I also would like to acknowledge the Department of Macromolecular Chemistry and Nanomaterials at CIQA, a special thanks to M.S. Hortensia Maldonado T., and B.S. Judith Cabello R., for their helpful assistance during the beginning of this project. Thanks also to the people who helped me with all the administration work at the Coordinación de Posgrado at CIQA, including Dr. Leticia Larios, M.S. Aída E. García, and Nancy Espinosa.

I thank Prof. Dr. Ulrich S. Schubert and his group for giving me the opportunity to do part of my PhD thesis at the Friedrich Schiller University Jena (FSUJ), Germany. It was a special pleasure for me to work and collaborate in the group.

I am also grateful to my committee: Dr. Dámaso Navarro, Dr. Ramón Díaz, and Dr. Ricardo Acosta for fruitful discussions, valuable suggestions, and expert advice to enrich this work. I hope I have learned and applied several of your teachings here and in future projects.

Moreover, I am also grateful to the always supportive staff at CIQA and FSUJ. Special thanks to Dr. Jesus Lara and Steffi Stumpf for their assistance with SEM analysis, Carolin Kellner for cytotoxicity studies, Renzo Paulus for his assistance with thermal

studies, Sandra Köhn for EA measurements, Katja Gattung and Ulrike Kaiser for all the paperwork in Jena, Dr. Grit Festag for SEC measurements, Dr. Johannes C. Brendel, Dr. Ivo Nischang for AUC measurements and great collaboration, and Dr. Jürgen Vitz for his kind support during my stay in Jena.

For the good times and collaboration, I also wish to thank my colleagues and friends at CIQA and FSUJ. A special thanks to Alicia de San Luis, Carolina Ventura, César Muñoz, Claude St. Thomas, Ilya Anufriev, Jens Ulbrich, Julien Alex, Luana Vieira, Marco De Jesus, Miguel Carrillo, Roberto Yañez, Paulina Lugo, Paul Klemm and to all who directly or indirectly have lent their hand in this venture. Thank you, muchas gracias, danke schön!

I am especially grateful to my family for providing me with unfailing support and continuous help throughout my years of study. This accomplishment would not have been possible without them. I wish to express my deepest gratitude to Melisa Trejo, her love, dedication, and encouragement have sustained and uplifted me to continue with this and our wonderful life project. Thank you!

And of course, I wish to express my gratitude for financial support to the Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT) and the Deutscher Akademischer Austauschdienst (DAAD) through the research grant: Bi-nationally supervised Doctoral Degrees / Cotutelle.

Doctorado en tecnología de polímeros BIOLOGÍA Y QUÍMICA QUÍMICA QUÍMICA

Estudio de la incorporación de arcilla de paligorskita, recubierta con poliurea en estructuras núcleo, coraza, y su efecto sobre las propiedades fisicomecánicas y de inflamabilidad en sistema PLA/EVA

Gerardo Pozos Sánchez (2022, [Tesis de maestría])

En el presente trabajo se discute el efecto de la paligorskita (PLG) en conjunto con el polifosfato de amonio (APP) (sistema retardante a la flama (SRF)) ambos recubiertos con poliurea, mediante su morfología y sus propiedades mecánicas, térmicas y antiflama, cuando se incorpora a una matriz polimérica de PLA/EVA. Como primera etapa se realizó el lavado de la paligorskita seguido de la modificación química de su superficie con el agente de acoplamiento 3- (Glicidiloxipropil) trimetoxisilano –GPTMS, esto para que la hidrofobicidad de la PLG no fuera un impedimento para recubrirla con poliurea. Seguido de eso se generó un diseño de experimentos en el cual se bosquejo lo siguiente: 4 formulaciones donde se variaron la concentración de PLG modificada con silano y APP y 4 formulaciones donde se varió la concentración de PLG sin modificar y APP, la variación de la PLG modificada y sin modificar fue de un 6% y 9%, mientras que la variación del APP es de un 3% y 4%. A las 8 formulaciones descritas previamente se les realizó la metodología de microencapsulación.

Se utilizó FTIR para poder comprobar la modificación de la PLG y la formación de la poliurea, seguido de la caracterización mediante SEM donde se observó el recubrimiento de las partículas de la PLG ya sea modificada y sin modificar junto con las de APP, después realizó el mezclado de PLA/EVA con cada una de las formulaciones propuestas, seguido a eso se realizó una inspección visual para notar la variación de color seguido de SEM para observar si hubo dispersión del SRF.

Se realizó la evaluación de las propiedades mecánicas mediante DMA donde se observó que las formulaciones [9plgM&4APP]E y [9plgS&4APP]E presentaron un aumento de su módulo de almacenamiento y en la prueba de tensión elongación, se observó que la rigidez de ambos se modificó a valores mayores comparados con PLA/EVA, culminando con el análisis del comportamiento a la flama donde [9plgM&4APP]E no presentó velocidad de quemado y se comprueba con el pico de velocidad de liberación de calor (pHRR) donde esta misma mostró una disminución de pHRR de un 36.30%.

Maestría en tecnología de polímeros BIOLOGÍA Y QUÍMICA QUÍMICA QUÍMICA

Efficiency of combating property violence in the Northwest region of Mexico

Martin Flegl Eva Selene Hernández Gress (2023, [Artículo, Artículo])

The situation of violence in Mexico shows an alarming trend as the number of committed crimes increased by 10.9% in 2021 compared to 2020. In fact, 75.6% of the Mexican population perceives the insecurity. Due to the above, it is necessary to strengthen public security to combat this trend. However, the resources allocated to the public security in Mexico are limited. Although there are studies that investigate what causes the violence in Mexico, so far there is no study that measures the efficiency of combating the violence related to budgetary, human, and material resources of the public security. This article investigates the efficiency of combating the property violence in 206 municipalities in the Northwest region of Mexico through the Data Envelopment Analysis. The results show a low efficiency (56.67%) with significant differences between the states in the region. Baja California is the state with the lowest efficiency (17.61%), whereas the highest efficiency is found in Durango (67.25%). For the last, the need to carefully plan changes in the police force and the public security infrastructure was noted to improve the efficiency and the level of security.

Análisis Envolvente de Datos Delincuencia Eficiencia Municipios Seguridad pública CIENCIAS SOCIALES CIENCIAS SOCIALES Data Envelopment Analysis Delinquency Public security

Análisis de las inundaciones en la planicie tabasqueña en el periodo 1995-2010

Felipe Arreguin RAMON DOMINGUEZ MORA Faustino de Luna Cruz (2014, [Artículo])

Se analizan los factores que influyen en las inundaciones de la planicie tabasqueña, como la ausencia de ordenamiento

territorial adecuado, la deforestación de la parte alta de las cuencas, un falso concepto de disminución del régimen hidrológico asociado con la construcción de las grandes presas en el río Grijalva y el cambio climático. Para el periodo

1995-2010 se hace una revisión de las precipitaciones, escurrimientos, manejo de las presas de la cuenca del río Grijalva e inundaciones; se presentan las acciones que se han tomado para reducir los riesgos de inundación a la población durante ese periodo, incluyendo el Programa Integral de Control de Inundaciones y el Programa Hídrico Integral de Tabasco, señalando la diferencia conceptual entre ellos. El objeto del presente artículo es describir la evolución de las aproximaciones de solución al problema de reducción de desastres por inundación en la planicie Tabasqueña, la gestión de embalses y una propuesta de gestión del territorio basado en la aplicación de un modelo numérico hidráulico bidimensional y un nomograma de resistencia al vuelco.

Inundaciones Control de crecidas Mitigación del riesgo Grijalva-Usumacinta CIENCIAS FÍSICO MATEMÁTICAS Y CIENCIAS DE LA TIERRA

Estimación de parámetros de infiltración a partir de mediciones de avance de riego por melgas empleando las ecuaciones de Saint-Venant, y Green y Ampt

Heber Saucedo MANUEL ZAVALA TREJO CARLOS FUENTES RUIZ (2016, [Artículo])

Se presenta un método para realizar la estimación de parámetros de infiltración con base en el empleo de las ecuaciones de Saint-Venant para describir el flujo del agua sobre el suelo, y la ecuación de Green y Ampt para representar el flujo del agua en el suelo. La estimación de los parámetros hidrodinámicos de conductividad hidráulica a saturación y presión en el frente de humedad, se realiza aplicando el método Levenberg-Marquardt. El modelo así obtenido, permite el ajuste de los parámetros hidrodinámicos a partir de datos de pruebas de avance de riego por melgas y de la textura del suelo.

Riego por inundación controlada Modelos matemáticos Método Levenberg-Marquardt CIENCIAS AGROPECUARIAS Y BIOTECNOLOGÍA

Agroecology can promote climate change adaptation outcomes without compromising yield in smallholder systems

Sieglinde Snapp Yodit Kebede Eva Wollenberg (2023, [Artículo])

A critical question is whether agroecology can promote climate change mitigation and adaptation outcomes without compromising food security. We assessed the outcomes of smallholder agricultural systems and practices in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) against 35 mitigation, adaptation, and yield indicators by reviewing 50 articles with 77 cases of agroecological treatments relative to a baseline of conventional practices. Crop yields were higher for 63% of cases reporting yields. Crop diversity, income diversity, net income, reduced income variability, nutrient regulation, and reduced pest infestation, indicators of adaptative capacity, were associated with 70% or more of cases. Limited information on climate change mitigation, such as greenhouse gas emissions and carbon sequestration impacts, was available. Overall, the evidence indicates that use of organic nutrient sources, diversifying systems with legumes and integrated pest management lead to climate change adaptation in multiple contexts. Landscape mosaics, biological control (e.g., enhancement of beneficial organisms) and field sanitation measures do not yet have sufficient evidence based on this review. Widespread adoption of agroecological practices and system transformations shows promise to contribute to climate change services and food security in LMICs. Gaps in adaptation and mitigation strategies and areas for policy and research interventions are finally discussed.

CIENCIAS AGROPECUARIAS Y BIOTECNOLOGÍA CLIMATE CHANGE CROPS FOOD SUPPLY GAS EMISSIONS GREENHOUSE GASES FARMING SYSTEMS AGROECOLOGY FOOD SECURITY LESS FAVOURED AREAS SMALLHOLDERS YIELDS NUTRIENTS BIOLOGICAL PEST CONTROL CARBON SEQUESTRATION LEGUMES

Does access to improved grain storage technology increase farmers' welfare? Experimental evidence from maize farming in Ethiopia

Hugo De Groote Bart Minten (2024, [Artículo])

Seasonal price variability for cereals is two to three times higher in Africa than on the international reference market. Seasonality is even more pronounced when access to appropriate storage and opportunities for price arbitrage are limited. As smallholder farmers typically sell their production after harvest, when prices are low, this leads to lower incomes as well as higher food insecurity during the lean season, when prices are high. One solution to reduce seasonal stress is the use of improved storage technologies. Using data from a randomised controlled trial, in a major maize-growing region of Western Ethiopia, we study the impact of hermetic bags, a technology that protects stored grain against insect pests, so that the grain can be stored longer. Despite considerable price seasonality—maize prices in the lean season are 36% higher than after harvesting—we find no evidence that hermetic bags improve welfare, except that access to these bags allowed for a marginally longer storage period of maize intended for sale by 2 weeks. But this did not translate into measurable welfare gains as we found no changes in any of our welfare outcome indicators. This ‘near-null’ effect is due to the fact that maize storage losses in our study region are relatively lower than previous studies suggested—around 10% of the quantity stored—likely because of the widespread use of an alternative to protect maize during storage, for example a cheap but highly toxic fumigant. These findings are important for policies that seek to promote improved storage technologies in these settings.

Hermetic Storage Randomised Controlled Trial CIENCIAS AGROPECUARIAS Y BIOTECNOLOGÍA STORAGE PILOT FARMS SEASONALITY WELFARE MAIZE

Forest proximity positively affects natural enemy mediated control of fall armyworm in Southern Africa

Frédéric Baudron Terence Sunderland (2022, [Artículo])

Insectivorous Birds Bat Predation Maize Cultivation CIENCIAS AGROPECUARIAS Y BIOTECNOLOGÍA FALL ARMYWORMS BIOLOGICAL PEST CONTROL INSECTIVOROUS ANIMALS MAIZE PREDATOR PREY RELATIONS

Verificación de procedimientos numéricos de simulación de maniobras en compuertas

GILBERTO DE JESUS LOPEZ CANTEÑS JORGE VICTOR PRADO HERNANDEZ FELIPE BENJAMIN DE LEON MOJARRO VICTOR MANUEL RUIZ CARMONA MAURICIO CARRILLO GARCIA LAURA ALICIA IBAÑEZ CASTILLO (2014, [Artículo])

La aplicación de las ecuaciones de Saint Venant en los tramos de canales de riego requiere definir condiciones de frontera interna en los sitios donde se ubican estructuras de control como compuertas, considerando su ecuación dinámica para transmitir información hidráulica hacia ambos lados de la estructura, por lo que en el trabajo se verifican tres procedimientos numéricos de ejecución de maniobra de compuertas, con la finalidad de representar el movimiento de las estructuras de control, minimizándose el desfasamiento de caudales posteriores a una ejecución. Para ello se utilizó el canal Rehbock, de la Universidad Autónoma Chapingo, México, realizándose de forma automatizada la medición de los niveles de agua y gasto, obteniéndose que en la maniobra progresiva con reinicialización de tirante, la tendencia del gasto en la vecindad y la compuerta es similar, atenuándose las oscilaciones en el tiempo, el cual se corresponde con la dinámica del agua en los canales; además, cuando la variable a regular es el tirante, se recomienda usar la ejecución de maniobra instantánea o la progresiva con reinicialización de gasto; pero si la variable es el gasto, es preferible la maniobra progresiva con reinicialización de tirante; además, el procedimiento de simulación de la maniobra progresiva con reinicialización de tirante es el que mejor representa la dinámica del agua en la estructura.

Movimiento de compuertas Simulación Régimen no permanente Estructuras de control INGENIERÍA Y TECNOLOGÍA

Object manipulation by collaborative autonomous underwater vehicles driven by a model-free second-order sliding mode controller with finite-time convergence

JOSUE GONZALEZ GARCIA (2023, [Artículo])

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5657-380X

The use of Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUV) has expanded in recent years to include them in inspection, maintenance, and repair missions. These missions require the automation of tasks such as autonomous navigation and station-keeping, which are pretty challenging due to the complexity of the vehicle itself and the underwater environment. Traditional control strategies have been used to deal with those problems before, but their performance is limited since they do not consider non-linearities, external disturbances, or model uncertainties. Non-traditional controllers have been explored too, but have shortcomings such as being model-based, parameter-dependant, or so. Additionally, the nature of some objects implies the involvement of multiple vehicles to manipulate them, making the manipulation mission even harder. Collaboration of AUVs is a strong challenge since underwater communications are limited or null. An advanced control strategy dealing with the trajectory tracking and the station-keeping problem would be desirable for simplicity and robustness. If this controller could also help coordinate multiple vehicles without requiring them to communicate with each other, it would make collaborative manipulation tasks reachable. For this purpose, a model-free high-order Sliding Mode Controller (SMC) is presented in this project. Unlike other control approaches, the proposed control strategy achieves finite-time convergence to a practical zero error in a time-base that the user can arbitrarily define. This characteristic will be used to coordinate the navigation of two AUVs to manipulate an object underwater. The performance of the proposed controller was evaluated by numerical simulations and experiments in a semi-Olympic swimming pool and compared with classic and state-of-the-art control strategies regarding trajectory tracking and station-keeping problems. Results have shown that the proposed controller can achieve finite-time convergence of the tracking errors to a practical zero value in the predefined time-base. Results also demonstrated that the convergence time could be arbitrarily selected by the user and achieved by the controller resulting in, as far as the author knows, the first controller with this characteristic for AUVs navigation. The simulations and experiments also showed that the proposed controller outperformed classical and state-of-the-art controllers regarding the Root Mean Square of the tracking errors and energy consumption. Finally, the proposed model-free high-order SMC coordinated two BlueROV2 vehicles in a collaborative manipulation mission without vehicle-to-vehicle communication. Numerical simulation results confirmed that the proposed controller could manage the vehicles to follow a predefined coordinated trajectory to approach, grip, transport, and release an object without communicating with each other.

Doctor of Philosophy In Engineering Science

INGENIERÍA Y TECNOLOGÍA CIENCIAS TECNOLÓGICAS TECNOLOGÍA DE LA INSTRUMENTACIÓN INGENIERÍA DE CONTROL INGENIERÍA Y TECNOLOGÍA CIENCIAS TECNOLÓGICAS TECNOLOGÍA NAVAL VEHÍCULOS SUBMARINOS