Automated in-season rice crop mapping using Sentinel time-series data and Google Earth Engine: A case study in climate-risk prone Bangladesh

Mustafa Kamal Timothy Joseph Krupnik (2024, [Artículo])

High-resolution mapping of rice fields is crucial for understanding and managing rice cultivation in countries like Bangladesh, particularly in the face of climate change. Rice is a vital crop, cultivated in small scale farms that contributes significantly to the economy and food security in Bangladesh. Accurate mapping can facilitate improved rice production, the development of sustainable agricultural management policies, and formulation of strategies for adapting to climatic risks. To address the need for timely and accurate rice mapping, we developed a framework specifically designed for the diverse environmental conditions in Bangladesh. We utilized Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 time-series data to identify transplantation and peak seasons and employed the multi-Otsu automatic thresholding approach to map rice during the peak season (April–May). We also compared the performance of a random forest (RF) classifier with the multi-Otsu approach using two different data combinations: D1, which utilizes data from the transplantation and peak seasons (D1 RF) and D2, which utilizes data from the transplantation to the harvest seasons (D2 RF). Our results demonstrated that the multi-Otsu approach achieved an overall classification accuracy (OCA) ranging from 61.18% to 94.43% across all crop zones. The D2 RF showed the highest mean OCA (92.15%) among the fourteen crop zones, followed by D1 RF (89.47%) and multi-Otsu (85.27%). Although the multi-Otsu approach had relatively lower OCA, it proved effective in accurately mapping rice areas prior to harvest, eliminating the need for training samples that can be challenging to obtain during the growing season. In-season rice area maps generated through this framework are crucial for timely decision-making regarding adaptive management in response to climatic stresses and forecasting area-wide productivity. The scalability of our framework across space and time makes it particularly suitable for addressing field data scarcity challenges in countries like Bangladesh and offers the potential for future operationalization.

Synthetic Aperture Radar Random Forest Boro Rice In-Season Maps CIENCIAS AGROPECUARIAS Y BIOTECNOLOGÍA SAR (RADAR) RICE FLOODING CLIMATE CHANGE

Economics of crop residue management

Vijesh Krishna Maxwell Mkondiwa (2023, [Artículo])

More than five billion metric tons of agricultural residues are produced annually worldwide. Despite having multiple uses and significant potential to augment crop and livestock production, a large share of crop residues is burned, especially in Asian countries. This unsustainable practice causes tremendous air pollution and health hazards while restricting soil nutrient recycling. In this review, we examine the economic rationale for unsustainable residue management. The sustainability of residue utilization is determined by several economic factors, such as local demand for and quantity of residue production, development and dissemination of technologies to absorb excess residue, and market and policy instruments to internalize the social costs of residue burning. The intervention strategy to ensure sustainable residue management depends on public awareness of the private and societal costs of open residue burning.

Crop Biomass Residue Burning Environmental Effects CIENCIAS AGROPECUARIAS Y BIOTECNOLOGÍA CROPS BIOMASS RESIDUES ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT CLIMATE CHANGE SMALLHOLDERS TECHNOLOGY ADOPTION

Character association study in maize hybrids developed through integration of rapid cycle genomic selection and doubled haploid technology for heat stress tolerance

Prakash Kuchanur Ayyanagouda Patil Pervez Zaidi vinayan mt (2023, [Artículo])

Multi-Parental Synthetics Rapid Cycle Genomic Selection Phenotypic Correlation CIENCIAS AGROPECUARIAS Y BIOTECNOLOGÍA MAIZE HEAT STRESS MARKER-ASSISTED SELECTION DOUBLED HAPLOIDS PHENOTYPIC VARIATION CLIMATE CHANGE

Heat-tolerant maize for rainfed hot, dry environments in the lowland tropics: from breeding to improved seed delivery

Pervez Zaidi vinayan mt Sudha Nair Prakash Kuchanur Ayyanagouda Patil Atul Kulkarni Prasanna Boddupalli (2023, [Artículo])

Lowland Tropics CIENCIAS AGROPECUARIAS Y BIOTECNOLOGÍA CLIMATE CHANGE DROUGHT HEAT STRESS LOWLAND MAIZE VAPOUR PRESSURE DEFICIT

Review of Nationally Determined Contributions (NCD) of China from the perspective of food systems

Tek Sapkota (2023, [Documento de trabajo])

China is the largest emitter of greenhouse gases (GHG) and one of the countries most affected by climate change. China's food systems are a major contributor to climate change: in 2018, China's food systems emitted 1.09 billion tons of carbondioxide equivalent (CO2eq) GHGs, accounting for 8.2% of total national GHG emissions and 2% of global emissions. According to the Third National Communication (TNC) Report, in 2010, GHG emissions from energy, industrial processes, agriculture, and waste accounted for 78.6%, 12.3%, 7.9%, and 1.2% of total emissions, respectively, (excluding emissions from land use, land-use change and forestry (LULUCF). Total GHG emissions from the waste sector in 2010 were 132 Mt CO2 eq, with municipal solid waste landfills accounting for 56 Mt. The average temperature in China has risen by 1.1°C over the last century (1908–2007), while nationally averaged precipitation amounts have increased significantly over the last 50 years. The sea level and sea surface temperature have risen by 90 mm and 0.9°C respectively in the last 30 years. A regional climate model predicted an annual mean temperature increase of 1.3–2.1°C by 2020 (2.3–3.3°C by 2050), while another model predicted a 1–1.6°C temperature increase and a 3.3–3.7 percent increase in precipitation between 2011 and 2020, depending on the emissions scenario. By 2030, sea level rise along coastal areas could be 0.01–0.16 meters, increasing the likelihood of flooding and intensified storm surges and causing the degradation of wetlands, mangroves, and coral reefs. Addressing climate change is a common human cause, and China places a high value on combating climate change. Climate change has been incorporated into national economic and social development plans, with equal emphasis on mitigation and adaptation to climate change, including an updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) in 2021. The following overarching targets are included in China's updated NDC: • Peaking carbon dioxide emissions “before 2030” and achieving carbon neutrality before 2060. • Lowering carbon intensity by “over 65%” by 2030 from the 2005 level. • Increasing forest stock volume by around 6 billion cubic meters in 2030 from the 2005 level. The targets have come from several commitments made at various events, while China has explained very well the process adopted to produce its third national communication report. An examination of China's NDC reveals that it has failed to establish quantifiable and measurable targets in the agricultural sectors. According to the analysis of the breakdown of food systems and their inclusion in the NDC, the majority of food system activities are poorly mentioned. China's interventions or ambitions in this sector have received very little attention. The adaptation component is mentioned in the NDC, but is not found to be sector-specific or comprehensive. A few studies have rated the Chinese NDC as insufficient, one of the reasons being its failure to list the breakdown of each sector's clear pathway to achieving its goals. China's NDC lacks quantified data on food system sub-sectors. Climate Action Trackers' "Insufficient" rating indicates that China's domestic target for 2030 requires significant improvements to be consistent with the Paris Agreement's target of 1.5°C temperature limit. Some efforts are being made: for example, scientists from the Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (IEDA-CAAS) have developed methods for calculating GHG emissions from livestock and poultry farmers that have been published as an industrial standard by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, PRC (Prof Hongmin Dong, personal communication) but this still needs to be consolidated and linked to China’s NDC. The updated Nationally Determined Contributions fall short of quantifiable targets in agriculture and food systems as a whole, necessitating clear pathways. China's NDC is found to be heavily focused on a few sectors, including energy, transportation, and urban-rural development. The agricultural sectors' and food systems' targets are vague, and China's agrifood system has a large carbon footprint. As a result, China should focus on managing the food system (production, processing, transportation, and food waste management) to reduce carbon emissions. Furthermore, China should take additional measures to make its climate actions more comprehensive, quantifiable, and measurable, such as setting ambitious and clear targets for the agriculture sector, including activity-specific GHG-reduction pathways; prioritizing food waste and loss reduction and management; promoting sustainable livestock production and low carbon diets; reducing chemical pollution; minimizing the use of fossil fuel in the agri-system and focusing on developing green jobs, technological advancement and promoting climate-smart agriculture; promoting indigenous practices and locally led adaptation; restoring degraded agricultural soils and enhancing cooperation and private partnership. China should also prepare detailed NDC implementation plans including actions and the GHG reduction from conditional targets.

CIENCIAS AGROPECUARIAS Y BIOTECNOLOGÍA GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS CLIMATE CHANGE FOOD SYSTEMS LAND USE CHANGE AGRICULTURE POLICIES DATA ANALYSIS FOOD WASTES

Agroecology can promote climate change adaptation outcomes without compromising yield in smallholder systems

Sieglinde Snapp Yodit Kebede Eva Wollenberg (2023, [Artículo])

A critical question is whether agroecology can promote climate change mitigation and adaptation outcomes without compromising food security. We assessed the outcomes of smallholder agricultural systems and practices in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) against 35 mitigation, adaptation, and yield indicators by reviewing 50 articles with 77 cases of agroecological treatments relative to a baseline of conventional practices. Crop yields were higher for 63% of cases reporting yields. Crop diversity, income diversity, net income, reduced income variability, nutrient regulation, and reduced pest infestation, indicators of adaptative capacity, were associated with 70% or more of cases. Limited information on climate change mitigation, such as greenhouse gas emissions and carbon sequestration impacts, was available. Overall, the evidence indicates that use of organic nutrient sources, diversifying systems with legumes and integrated pest management lead to climate change adaptation in multiple contexts. Landscape mosaics, biological control (e.g., enhancement of beneficial organisms) and field sanitation measures do not yet have sufficient evidence based on this review. Widespread adoption of agroecological practices and system transformations shows promise to contribute to climate change services and food security in LMICs. Gaps in adaptation and mitigation strategies and areas for policy and research interventions are finally discussed.

CIENCIAS AGROPECUARIAS Y BIOTECNOLOGÍA CLIMATE CHANGE CROPS FOOD SUPPLY GAS EMISSIONS GREENHOUSE GASES FARMING SYSTEMS AGROECOLOGY FOOD SECURITY LESS FAVOURED AREAS SMALLHOLDERS YIELDS NUTRIENTS BIOLOGICAL PEST CONTROL CARBON SEQUESTRATION LEGUMES

Generación de estrategias del grupo de CC [cambio climático] en el IMTA (GCCI)

JOSE ANTONIO SALINAS PRIETO MARTIN JOSE MONTERO MARTINEZ Ana Alicia Palacios Fonseca Mario Lopez Perez Olivia Rodríguez López MARIA EUGENIA MAYA MAGAÑA Amparo Rosario Pérez Salazar (2016, [Documento de trabajo])

Este proyecto surge ante la ausencia de una política institucional para fomentar, producir y divulgar el conocimiento, ante la falta de conciencia e interés en el tema de cambio climático, de comunicación interna efectiva, de proyectos transversales y ante la posibilidad de incidir institucionalmente tanto en la disminución de riesgos como en el incremento de resiliencia en materia de agua. Mediante análisis, diagnósticos y consultas entre los expertos de todas las Coordinaciones del IMTA, se generaron estrategias plasmadas en el documento denominado: Programa Estratégico de cambio climático del IMTA. Durante las acciones de este proyecto, se conformó el Grupo de Cambio Climático del IMTA (GCCI), cuyas funciones serán coordinar los futuros trabajos institucionales de forma interdisciplinaria, propiciando las condiciones de colaboración necesarias para la integración y coordinación de planes, programas y proyectos estratégicos en materia de cambio climático. Se determinó que el objetivo del GCCI es establecer acciones estratégicas para coordinar los esfuerzos institucionales en el tema de CC, mediante la generación de un programa institucional de mediano y largo plazo (PECCI) y la conformación de grupos de trabajo, cuyos objetivos son: 1) coordinador los esfuerzos en el manejo del tema de cambio climático en el IMTA, fomentando la colaboración entre expertos de diversas áreas del conocimiento asociados al tema; 2) impulsar la colaboración conjunta con otras instituciones académicas y operativas en el tema de cambio climático; y 3) divulgar los desarrollos del IMTA en materia de investigación de cambio climático.

Cambio climático Prevención y mitigación Cooperación técnica Cooperación horizontal CIENCIAS FÍSICO MATEMÁTICAS Y CIENCIAS DE LA TIERRA

Gestión del riego enfocada a la variabilidad climática en el cultivo de papa: aplicación al Distrito de Riego 075, Río Fuerte, Sinaloa, México

JAIME MACIAS CERVANTES WALDO OJEDA BUSTAMANTE (2016, [Artículo])

Se desarrolló una plataforma computacional basada en tecnología de información y comunicaciones (TIC) para programación integral y gestión de riego por Internet en el cultivo de papa, la cual ajusta las demandas hídricas del cultivo de papa a la variabilidad climática observada en los últimos años en el Valle del Fuerte, Sinaloa, México. El fundamento de la tecnología fue un modelo de programación integral del riego basado en grados-día crecimiento, integrándose a un software (Irrimodel) operado a través de Internet. En este trabajo se presenta un análisis de esta tecnología a gran escala como alternativa para la adaptación de la programación del riego ante los efectos del cambio climático.

Riego de precisión Cambio climático Distritos de riego CIENCIAS AGROPECUARIAS Y BIOTECNOLOGÍA

Cambio climático: percepciones sobre manifestaciones, causas e impactos en el distrito de temporal tecnificado Margaritas-Comitán, Chiapas

DENISE SOARES ANTONINO GARCIA GARCIA LUIS RICARDO MANZANO SOLIS (2018, [Artículo])

Se exploran percepciones acerca de las manifestaciones del cambio climático, sus causas e impactos en el cotidiano de actores sociales locales en el Distrito de Temporal Tecnificado Margaritas-Comitán (DTT011) ubicado en la Meseta Comiteca, estado de Chiapas, perteneciente a la parte alta de la cuenca del río Usumacinta. Asimismo, se propone argumentar con base en información empírica que, independiente de la aprehensión del concepto de cambio climático, a nivel local se observa, interpreta y siente el impacto de las variaciones en los periodos de lluvia y del incremento del calor, las cuales presentan consecuencias en términos económicos en la zona, toda vez que los sistemas productivos se ven afectados y se pierden cosechas.

Cambio climático Sistemas productivos Vulnerabilidad CIENCIAS SOCIALES

Sequía y cambio climático en México

ISRAEL VELASCO VELASCO (2012, [Libro])

La caracterización de la sequía con base en el comportamiento temporal y espacial de la lluvia, confirma la complejidad del fenómeno y su cualidad de "evento raro", en el sentido de que es poco modelable, impredecible, inevitable, progresivo e ineludible. Sus daños potenciales en el sector primario, la agricultura, superan con mucho los de todos los demás fenómenos naturales juntos. Con los valores meteorológicos de lluvia histórica estimada para una malla de 0.5x0.5º para todo el país, se obtuvieron los mapas de isoyetas medias y para años selectos permiten detectar y evaluar las características básicas del fenómeno: duración, intensidad, severidad y extensión.

Sequía Cambio climático Historia México CIENCIAS FÍSICO MATEMÁTICAS Y CIENCIAS DE LA TIERRA