Agroecology can promote climate change adaptation outcomes without compromising yield in smallholder systems

Sieglinde Snapp Yodit Kebede Eva Wollenberg (2023, [Artículo])

A critical question is whether agroecology can promote climate change mitigation and adaptation outcomes without compromising food security. We assessed the outcomes of smallholder agricultural systems and practices in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) against 35 mitigation, adaptation, and yield indicators by reviewing 50 articles with 77 cases of agroecological treatments relative to a baseline of conventional practices. Crop yields were higher for 63% of cases reporting yields. Crop diversity, income diversity, net income, reduced income variability, nutrient regulation, and reduced pest infestation, indicators of adaptative capacity, were associated with 70% or more of cases. Limited information on climate change mitigation, such as greenhouse gas emissions and carbon sequestration impacts, was available. Overall, the evidence indicates that use of organic nutrient sources, diversifying systems with legumes and integrated pest management lead to climate change adaptation in multiple contexts. Landscape mosaics, biological control (e.g., enhancement of beneficial organisms) and field sanitation measures do not yet have sufficient evidence based on this review. Widespread adoption of agroecological practices and system transformations shows promise to contribute to climate change services and food security in LMICs. Gaps in adaptation and mitigation strategies and areas for policy and research interventions are finally discussed.

CIENCIAS AGROPECUARIAS Y BIOTECNOLOGÍA CLIMATE CHANGE CROPS FOOD SUPPLY GAS EMISSIONS GREENHOUSE GASES FARMING SYSTEMS AGROECOLOGY FOOD SECURITY LESS FAVOURED AREAS SMALLHOLDERS YIELDS NUTRIENTS BIOLOGICAL PEST CONTROL CARBON SEQUESTRATION LEGUMES

User manual: How to use Agvisely to generate climate service advisories for livestock in Bangladesh

T.S Amjath-Babu Timothy Joseph Krupnik (2023, [Libro])

The Agvisely digital service for livestock integrates location-specific meteorological forecasts generated by the Bangladesh Meteorological Department (BMD) with species specific biological thresholds for weather variables (Temperature, rainfall, and temperature-humidity index (THI). When a biological threshold is to be breached in next five days' forecast, the system automatically generates location-specific management advice for livestock farmers. Advisories are based on a decision tree developed by the Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute (BLRI) and CIMMYT. Agvisely is a smart phone app and web-based service developed by the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT) CIMMYT with the support of USAID, securing the Food Systems of Asian Mega- Deltas (AMD) for Climate and Livelihood Resilience and the Transforming Agrifood Systems in South Asia (TAFSSA) initiatives in collaboration with Bangladesh Dept. of Agricultural Extension (DAE) and Bangladesh Meteorological Department (BMD).

CIENCIAS AGROPECUARIAS Y BIOTECNOLOGÍA CLIMATE SERVICES LIVESTOCK DIGITAL TECHNOLOGY

Disruptive approach to integrate data in a digital environment: progress report CIMMYT-Bluenumber 2023

Andrea Gardeazabal (2023, [Documento de trabajo])

This report describes the process carried out a pilot project to evaluate a scalable disruptive approach to integrating data for agronomy research that also incentivizes sustainable production and enables traceability using open data sharing protocol with self-sovereign identity (SSI).

CIENCIAS AGROPECUARIAS Y BIOTECNOLOGÍA DIGITAL TECHNOLOGY DATA AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH

How diverse are farming systems on the Eastern Gangetic Plains of South Asia? A multi-metric and multi-country assessment

Brendan Brown Pragya Timsina Emma Karki (2023, [Artículo])

While crop diversification has many benefits and is a stated government objective across the Eastern Gangetic Plains (EGP) of South Asia, the complexity of assessment has led to a rather limited understanding on the progress towards, and status of, smallholder crop diversification. Most studies focus on specific commodities or report as part of a singular index, use outdated secondary data, or implement highly localized studies, leading to broad generalisations and a lack of regional comparison. We collected representative primary data with more than 5000 households in 55 communities in Eastern Nepal, West Bengal (India) and Northwest Bangladesh to explore seasonally based diversification experiences and applied novel metrics to understand the nuanced status of farm diversification. While 66 crops were commercially grown across the region, only five crops and three crop families were widely grown (Poaceae, Malvaceae, and Brassicaceae). Non-cereal diversification across the region was limited (1.5 crops per household), though regional differentiation were evident particularly relating to livestock and off-farm activities, highlighting the importance of cross border studies. In terms of farmer's largest commercial plots, 20% of systems contained only rice, and 57% contained only rice/wheat/maize, with substantial regional diversity present. This raises concerns regarding the extent of commercially oriented high value and non-cereal diversification, alongside opportunities for diversification in the under-diversified pre-monsoon and monsoon seasons. Future promotional efforts may need to focus particularly on legumes to ensure the future sustainability and viability of farming systems.

Agricultural Production Systems Farming Systems Change CIENCIAS AGROPECUARIAS Y BIOTECNOLOGÍA AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION CROPPING SYSTEMS DIVERSIFICATION FARMING SYSTEMS SUSTAINABLE INTENSIFICATION

DE INTERFACES Y DISEÑADORES: UNA ETNOGRAFÍA DIGITAL SOBRE EL DISEÑO UX/UI

Santiago López Martínez (2023, [Tesis de maestría])

“La primera ley de Kranzberg es que “la tecnología no es buena ni mala, pero tampoco es neutra” (1986: 545). Esta ley ha sido muy estimulante para muchos teóricos de los medios, a partir de dos interpretaciones principales: la primera sería que el valor moral de la tecnología depende de su uso, y por lo tanto puede ser utilizada para bien o para mal. La segunda, y más interesante para esta investigación, es que la tecnología en su construcción posee características humanas y por lo tanto sociales, en procesos técnicos y supuestamente racionales. Esta segunda premisa es explorada y defendida desde trabajos clásicos como Ciencia y técnica como “ideología” de Jürgen Habermas, donde escribe que “lo mismo antes que ahora son los intereses sociales los que determinan la dirección, las funciones y la velocidad del proceso técnico” (2007: 87), y posteriormente argumenta que la ciencia y la tecnología, en su estrecha relación con el poder y la economía pueden convertirse en ideologías que legitiman y perpetúan sistemas de dominación. Sostiene que el enfoque instrumental de la ciencia, es decir, su utilización como un medio para alcanzar fines predeterminados, puede llevar a una heteronomía del mundo de la vida cotidiana, en el cual las decisiones y la autonomía de los individuos se ven disminuidas frente a procesos tecnificados. Pero también existen estudios recientes de tecnologías digitales que señalan la presencia de ideologías, como el libro Armas de destrucción matemática (2017) escrito por la matemática Cathy O’Neil, en donde presenta varios casos en los que algoritmos discriminan a ciertos grupos humanos; por ejemplo, un programa de calificación crediticia el cual “afecta de forma desproporcionada a los candidatos de renta baja y a los candidatos de color” (O’Neil, 2017: 120)”.

Etnografía digital. Diseño UX. Diseño UI. Programación creativa. Tesis - Maestría en Antropología Social, CDMX. CIENCIAS SOCIALES SOCIOLOGÍA CAMBIO Y DESARROLLO SOCIAL TECNOLOGÍA Y CAMBIO SOCIAL TECNOLOGÍA Y CAMBIO SOCIAL

Implementing the nature's contributions framework: A case study based on farm typologies in small-scale agroecosystems from the Mexico highlands

Laura Alicia Rodríguez-Bustos natalia palacios rojas (2023, [Artículo])

Small-Scale Agriculture MasAgro CIENCIAS AGROPECUARIAS Y BIOTECNOLOGÍA MAIZE POLICIES AGROECOSYSTEMS SMALL SCALE FARMING

Using homosoils for quantitative extrapolation of soil mapping models

Andree Nenkam Alexandre Wadoux Budiman Minasny Alex McBratney Pierre C. Sibiry Traore Gatien Falconnier Anthony Whitbread (2022, [Artículo])

Cubist Digital Soil Mapping Model-Based Validation Soil Spatial Variation Soil-Forming Factors CIENCIAS AGROPECUARIAS Y BIOTECNOLOGÍA LAND USE ORGANIC CARBON SOIL SURVEYS SPATIAL VARIATIONS

APLICACIÓN DE METAHEURÍSTICAS EN EL PROBLEMA DE ACOMODO DE PATRONES DE CORTE EN MATERIALES FINITOS

Anabel Rodríguez Rodríguez (2023, [Tesis de doctorado])

"En la presente investigación se resuelve el problema de optimización de acomodo de patrones de corte en materiales finitos mediante el uso de estrategias metaheurísticas con la finalidad de aprovechar el material de acomodo y minimizar el desperdicio. Específicamente se implementó un algoritmo genético que al inicio genera soluciones aleatorias que forman la población inicial. La misma está compuesta por individuos o soluciones que son una combinación de patrones que se acomodan dentro del material de manera que se obtenga el menor desperdicio. Durante el proceso evolutivo estas soluciones aleatorias se someten a los operadores genéticos: selección, cruce y mutación, para encontrar nuevas soluciones que hereden la información genética de sus antecesores y evolucionen o mejoren en cada generación para obtener el menor desperdicio posible."

Acomodo de patrones Algoritmos genéticos Algoritmos golosos Muéganos Metaheurísticas Procesamiento digital de imágenes INGENIERÍA Y TECNOLOGÍA CIENCIAS TECNOLÓGICAS OTRAS ESPECIALIDADES TECNOLÓGICAS OTRAS OTRAS

The input reduction principle of agroecology is wrong when it comes to mineral fertilizer use in sub-Saharan Africa

Gatien Falconnier Marc Corbeels Frédéric Baudron Antoine Couëdel leonard rusinamhodzi bernard vanlauwe Ken Giller (2023, [Artículo])

Can farmers in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) boost crop yields and improve food availability without using more mineral fertilizer? This question has been at the center of lively debates among the civil society, policy-makers, and in academic editorials. Proponents of the “yes” answer have put forward the “input reduction” principle of agroecology, i.e. by relying on agrobiodiversity, recycling and better efficiency, agroecological practices such as the use of legumes and manure can increase crop productivity without the need for more mineral fertilizer. We reviewed decades of scientific literature on nutrient balances in SSA, biological nitrogen fixation of tropical legumes, manure production and use in smallholder farming systems, and the environmental impact of mineral fertilizer. Our analyses show that more mineral fertilizer is needed in SSA for five reasons: (i) the starting point in SSA is that agricultural production is “agroecological” by default, that is, very low mineral fertilizer use, widespread mixed crop-livestock systems and large crop diversity including legumes, but leading to poor soil fertility as a result of widespread soil nutrient mining, (ii) the nitrogen needs of crops cannot be adequately met solely through biological nitrogen fixation by legumes and recycling of animal manure, (iii) other nutrients like phosphorus and potassium need to be replaced continuously, (iv) mineral fertilizers, if used appropriately, cause little harm to the environment, and (v) reducing the use of mineral fertilizers would hamper productivity gains and contribute indirectly to agricultural expansion and to deforestation. Yet, the agroecological principles directly related to soil fertility—recycling, efficiency, diversity—remain key in improving soil health and nutrient-use efficiency, and are critical to sustaining crop productivity in the long run. We argue for a nuanced position that acknowledges the critical need for more mineral fertilizers in SSA, in combination with the use of agroecological practices and adequate policy support.

Manure Crop Yields Smallholder Farming Systems Environmental Hazards CIENCIAS AGROPECUARIAS Y BIOTECNOLOGÍA BIOLOGICAL NITROGEN FIXATION LEGUMES NUTRIENT BALANCE SOIL FERTILITY AGROECOLOGY YIELD INCREASES LITERATURE REVIEWS

GENERACIÓN DE HACES ESTRUCTURADOS PARCIALMENTE COHERENTES

Maria Fernanda Arvizu Soto (2024, [Tesis de maestría])

"Mediante la manipulación de la intensidad, polarización y fase de un campo luminoso es como podemos obtener luz estructurada. Los estudios han demostrado que los haces parcialmente coherentes son más resistentes a las fluctuaciones atmosféricas. En esta tesis presentamos el modelo matemático, la generación computacional del Haz Vectorial Parcialmente Coherente (PCVB) y dos configuraciones experimentales para generarlos con la ayuda de un Dispositivo Micro Espejo Digital (DMD). Los resultados teóricos esperados concuerdan con las simulaciones y allanan el camino para otros resultados teóricos y experimentales, que se dejan como trabajo futuro."

Luz estructurada Haces vectoriales Coherencia parcial Dispositivo digital de microespejos CIENCIAS FÍSICO MATEMÁTICAS Y CIENCIAS DE LA TIERRA FÍSICA ÓPTICA OPTICA FÍSICA OPTICA FÍSICA