Near-real-time welfare and livelihood impacts of an active war: Evidence from Ethiopia

Kibrom  Abay Guush Berhane Jordan Chamberlin Mehari Hiluf Abay (2023, [Artículo])

Ethiopia recently experienced a large-scale war that lasted for more than two years. Using unique High-Frequency Phone Survey (HFPS) data, which span several months before and after the outbreak of the war, this paper provides evidence on the immediate impacts of the conflict on households’ food security. We also assess potential mechanisms and evaluate impacts on proximate outcomes, including on livelihood activities and access to food markets. We use difference-in-differences and two-way fixed effects estimation to compare trends across affected and unaffected regions (households) and before and after the outbreak of the war. Seven months into the conflict, we find that the war was associated with a 37 percentage points increase in the probability of moderate to severe food insecurity. Using the Armed Conflict Location and Event Data (ACLED), we show that exposure to an additional battle leads to a 1 percentage point increase in the probability of moderate or severe food insecurity. The conflict was associated with significant reduction in access to food through supply chain disruptions and by curtailing non-farm livelihood activities. Non-farm and wage related activities were affected the most, whereas farming activities were relatively more resilient. Our estimates, which likely underestimate the true average effects on the population, constitute novel evidence on the near-real-time impacts of large-scale conflict. Our work highlights the potential of HFPS to monitor active and large-scale conflicts, especially in contexts where conventional data sources are not immediately available.

Phone Surveys CIENCIAS AGROPECUARIAS Y BIOTECNOLOGÍA WAR CONFLICTS FOOD SECURITY LIVELIHOODS

Estudio de la estructura electrónica del diboruro de magnesio

Graciela del Carmen Ortiz Cortez (2004, [Tesis de maestría])

Se presenta un estudio de las propiedades estructurales y electrónica del estado base del diboruro de magnesio, MgB2. Se empleó el método de primeros principios para obtener las propiedades electrónicas relacionadas con el cálculo de la energía total del sistema, estructura de bandas, densidad de estados, análisis poblacional de Mulliken y densidad de carga electrónica; cálculos de masa efectiva de huecos ligeros y pesados, y de electrones, así como propiedades estructurales tales como parámetros de red y módulo de volumen. Los resultados se comparan con resultados experimentales y teóricos existentes en la literatura. Los cálculos ab initio fueron realizados por medio del método Hartree-Fock con correlación electrónica, el cual emplea combinaciones lineales de orbitales atómicos con un procedimiento de Campo Autoconsistente. Se empleó la aproximación de gradiente generalizado de Perdew-Wang de la teoría de funcional de la densidad para el término de correlación e intercambio. Todos los cálculos de la energía del estado base, funciones de onda electrónicas y propiedades del sistema fueron realizados con el programa computacional CRYSTAL98. Mediante cálculos de energía total se determinan los parámetros de red y el módulo de volumen, obteniéndose valores muy semejantes al valor experimental. Los cálculos de bandas de energía y densidad de estados obtenidos, así como también la información derivada del cálculo de la densidad de carga electrónica y masa efectiva, proporcionan información de la estructura electrónica de este material que concuerdan con otros resultados reportados. El análisis de la estructura de bandas indica un comportamiento metálico debido a contribuciones mayoritarias de las bandas p del B, observándose que dos bandas de valencia semillenas px,y cruzan el punto sobre el nivel de Fermi, proporcionando una región de huecos en la dirección -. La densidad de estados muestra contribuciones en mayor medida de orbitales p del B a la región de valencia y en menor medida de orbitales s y p del Mg. Se observa una banda ancha alrededor del nivel de Fermi formada por contribuciones de orbitales pz del Mg y B, denotando una gran correlación entre estos estados e indicando un fuerte enlace entre éllos. El estudio de la densidad de carga volumétrica muestra un enlace covalente B-B y un enlace tipo iónico Mg-B.

In this work we present a study of structural and electronic properties of the ground state of the magnesium diboride, MgB2. We performed an ab initio method to obtain electronic properties related with calculation of total energy of system, bands structure, density of states, Mulliken population analysis, and electronic charge density; the light and heavy hole and electron effective mass calculations, as well as structural properties such as lattice parameters and bulk modulus. The calculated data are compared with available experimental and theoretical results. The ab initio calculations were performed using Hartree-Fock method with electronic correlation, which employs linear combination of atomic orbital method (LCAO), in a self-consistent-field process. The generalized gradient correction of Perdew-Wang of the density functional theory approximation to the electron exchange-correlation potential was used. All the calculations of the ground state energy, electron wave functions and system properties were performed with the computational package CRYSTAL98. By means of total energy calculations, we determine the lattice parameters and bulk modulus and we obtained results very similar to the experimental data. The energy bands and density of state calculated, as well as the charge density and effective mass provide electronic structural information of this material, which agrees with other reported results. The analysis of the structural bands shows a metallic behavior due to a greater contribution of the B p bands. We observe that two unfilled px,y valence bands cross the point over the Fermi level and they provide a region of holes in - direction. Density of state shows that most of the contribution to the valence region comes from B p orbital, and to a lesser extent from Mg s and p orbital. We can observe a wide band around Fermi level made from contribution of both Mg and B pz orbital, which shows a strong correlation between these states, also, this indicates the strong bond between them. The study of the volumetric charge density shows a strong B-B covalent bond as well as an ionic bond MgB.

Superconductores de alta temperatura,Diboruro de magnesio,Estructuras electrónicas CIENCIAS FÍSICO MATEMÁTICAS Y CIENCIAS DE LA TIERRA FÍSICA OTRAS ESPECIALIDADES FÍSICAS OTRAS ESPECIALIDADES FÍSICAS